https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&feed=atom&action=historyGrid computing - Revision history2024-03-28T18:33:08ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.36.1https://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=49431&oldid=prevShawndouglas: Cat2022-09-20T15:17:49Z<p>Cat</p>
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</table>Shawndouglashttps://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=23875&oldid=prevShawndouglas: Reverted edits by MediaWiki spam cleanup (talk) to last revision by Shawndouglas2016-02-12T17:33:33Z<p>Reverted edits by <a href="/index.php/Special:Contributions/MediaWiki_spam_cleanup" title="Special:Contributions/MediaWiki spam cleanup">MediaWiki spam cleanup</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=User_talk:MediaWiki_spam_cleanup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:MediaWiki spam cleanup (page does not exist)">talk</a>) to last revision by <a href="/index.php/User:Shawndouglas" title="User:Shawndouglas">Shawndouglas</a></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:33, 12 February 2016</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Grid computing''' is the use of a shared "infrastructure that bonds and unifies globally remote and diverse [computing] resources"<ref name="MagoulesFund">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Dei9vpdQiHcC&pg=PA1 |title=Fundamentals of Grid Computing: Theory, Algorithms and Technologies |author=Magoulès, Frédéric |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |pages=322 |isbn=9781439803684 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> for the purposes of completing one or more computational tasks that would otherwise require significantly more time if performed on any single machine. Grid computing is a form of distributed computing whereby a virtual supercomputer is formed from many loosely coupled computers acting together to perform large tasks. For certain applications, grid computing can be seen as a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public, or the Internet) via a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet.<ref name="MagoulesFund" /> This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may also involve the aggregation of large-scale clusters, which may vary in size from a small group of workstations confined to a network within a corporation (intra-node cooperation) to large public collaborations across many companies and networks (inter-node cooperation).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The idea grid computing originated in the 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid. Where parallel computing and supercomputers were primarily used in the '80s and '90s, grid computing began to take shape as an option by the mid-1990s. In 1995, the Information-Wide Area Year (I-WAY) project was initiated, dedicated to the integration of other existing high-bandwidth networks and the management of software run over them. This project stood out as one of the first major milestones towards true grid computing.<ref name="BermanGrid">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b4LWXLRBRLsC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Grid: Past, Present, and Future |title=Grid Computing: Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality |author=Berman, Fran; Fox, Geoffrey; Hey, Tony |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2003 |pages=9–50 |isbn=9780470853191 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="NSTCHPC">{{cite book |url=https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/bluebooks/1997/cover-front.html |title=High Performance Computing and Communications: Advancing the Frontiers of Information Technology |author=National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Computing, Information, and Communications |publisher=National Science and Technology Council |year=November 1996 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Not long afterwards, CPU scavenging and volunteer computing projects like distributed.net in 1997<ref name="DNHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.distributed.net/history |title=distributed.net History & Timeline |work=distributed.net |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> and SETI@home in 1999<ref name="SETIAbout">{{cite web |url=http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/sah_about.php |title=About SETI@home |work=SETI@home |publisher=University of California |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> began to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide to solve CPU-intensive research problems.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grid computing was further refined with Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman's widely regarded 1998 work ''The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure'', in which they set out to define and extend the concepts surrounding the idea.<ref name="FosterWhat">{{cite web |url=http://dlib.cs.odu.edu/WhatIsTheGrid.pdf |title=What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist |author=Foster, Ian |date=20 July 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Along with software developer Steven Tuecke, the trio previously lent their expertise to the I-WAY project, particularly through their own Globus Project, which would link sites into "virtual organization" for scientific collaboration.<ref name="BravermanFather">{{cite journal |url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0404/features/index.shtml |title=Father of the Grid |author=Braverman, Amy M. |journal=The University of Chicago Magazine |volume=96 |issue=4 |date=April 2004 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> The group would not only further refine the definition in 2002, but they would also lead the release of the Globus Toolkit, an open-source toolkit for grid computing.<ref name="BravermanFather" /></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 2007 the term [[cloud computing]] came into popularity, which is conceptually similar to the canonical Foster definition of grid computing (in terms of computing resources being consumed as electricity is from the power grid). Indeed, grid computing is often (but not always) associated with the delivery of cloud computing systems.<ref name="GridCloudIBM">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/wa-cloudgrid/ |title=Cloud computing versus grid computing |author=Myerson, Judith M. |work=IBM developerWorks |publisher=IBM |date=03 March 2009 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Grid computing vs. supercomputing==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While supercomputing is essentially parallel computing<ref name="LaffertyPar">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Parallel Computing: An Introduction |author=Lafferty, Eduard L.; Michaud, Marion C.; Prelle, Myra Jean; Goethert, Joan B. |publisher=Noyes Data Corporation |year=1993 |pages=146 |isbn=9781437744934 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>, grid computing is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers connected to a network. The primary performance disadvantage of grid computing to supercomputing is that the various processors and local storage areas typically do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors.<ref name="GridCafe">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-sciencecity.org/EN/gridcafe/computational-problems.html |title=Computational problems |work=GridCafé |publisher=e-ScienceTalk |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Additionally, differences in programming and deployment exist. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system or require the program to address concurrency issues.<ref name="GrahamSuper">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Llhr49iPJNIC&pg=PA134 |title=Getting Up To Speed: The Future of Supercomputing |author=Graham, Susan L.; Snir, Marc; Patterson, Cynthia A. |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2005 |pages=134–135 |isbn=9780309165518 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a "thin" layer of "grid" infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs — given a different part of the same problem — to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine, and it eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Design considerations==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple administrative domains. This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in utility computing, or make it easier to assemble volunteer computing networks. However, the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy, requiring additional security measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results. Authentication, authorization, and encryption methods must all be employed to ensure "the integrity and confidentiality of the data processed within the grid."<ref name="JacobIBMGrid">{{cite book |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf |format=PDF |title=Introduction to Grid Computing |author=Jacob, Bart; Brown, Michael; Fukui, Kentaro; Trivedi, Nihar |publisher=IBM |year=December 2005 |pages=248 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to open an external network of volunteers or contractors.<ref name="JacobIBMGrid" /> In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust "client" nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on heterogeneous systems, using different operating systems and hardware architectures.<ref name="JacobIBMGrid" /> With many languages, there is a trade off between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). Cross-platform languages can reduce the need to make this trade off, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given node (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform).<ref name="PlaszczakGrid">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZyEoEn0_ITIC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38 |title=Grid Computing: The Savvy Manager's Guide |author=Plaszczak, Pawel; Wellner, Jr., Richard |publisher=Elsevier |year=2005 |pages=38–39 |isbn=9780080470764 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Projects and applications==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grid computing offers a way to solve large-scale problems such as protein folding, financial modeling, and geographic and meteorological simulations. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. Examples include:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}} the open-source Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform was being used by over 3.2 million users. Of those users, 1.5 million users were attached to SETI@home, a project dedicated to detecting intelligent life beyond Earth, achieving an average of 1,969 TeraFLOPS (floating point operations per second).<ref name="SETIFLOPS">{{cite web |url=http://www.allprojectstats.com/po.php?projekt=15 |title=Project statistics - SETI@home |work=All Project Stats |publisher=BOINC |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}}, Folding@home, a project dedicated to disease research, achieves 39,990 TeraFLOPS from over 172,000 users.<ref name="FHStats">{{cite web |url=http://fah-web.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/main.py?qtype=osstats2 |title=Folding@home Client statistics by OS |work=Folding@home |publisher=Pande Lab, Stanford University |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}}, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid — dedicated to handling nearly 30 petabytes of data per year from the Large Hadron Collider — involves 40 countries, 170 computing centers, and two million jobs run every day, making it one of the largest grid computing projects ever.<ref name="WLCG">{{cite web |url=http://wlcg-public.web.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome - Worldwide LHC Computing Grid |publisher=CERN |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Further reading==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{cite book |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf |format=PDF |title=Introduction to Grid Computing |author=Jacob, Bart; Brown, Michael; Fukui, Kentaro; Trivedi, Nihar |publisher=IBM |year=December 2005 |pages=248}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==See also==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Cloud computing]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Notes==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This article reuses numerous content elements from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing the Wikipedia article].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><references /></ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Shawndouglashttps://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=23839&oldid=prevMediaWiki spam cleanup: All revisions contained links to *.ch, blanking2016-02-04T16:49:27Z<p>All revisions contained links to *.ch, blanking</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:49, 4 February 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Grid computing''' is the use of a shared "infrastructure that bonds and unifies globally remote and diverse [computing] resources"<ref name="MagoulesFund">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Dei9vpdQiHcC&pg=PA1 |title=Fundamentals of Grid Computing: Theory, Algorithms and Technologies |author=Magoulès, Frédéric |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |pages=322 |isbn=9781439803684 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> for the purposes of completing one or more computational tasks that would otherwise require significantly more time if performed on any single machine. Grid computing is a form of distributed computing whereby a virtual supercomputer is formed from many loosely coupled computers acting together to perform large tasks. For certain applications, grid computing can be seen as a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public, or the Internet) via a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet.<ref name="MagoulesFund" /> This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may also involve the aggregation of large-scale clusters, which may vary in size from a small group of workstations confined to a network within a corporation (intra-node cooperation) to large public collaborations across many companies and networks (inter-node cooperation).</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==History==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The idea grid computing originated in the 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid. Where parallel computing and supercomputers were primarily used in the '80s and '90s, grid computing began to take shape as an option by the mid-1990s. In 1995, the Information-Wide Area Year (I-WAY) project was initiated, dedicated to the integration of other existing high-bandwidth networks and the management of software run over them. This project stood out as one of the first major milestones towards true grid computing.<ref name="BermanGrid">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b4LWXLRBRLsC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Grid: Past, Present, and Future |title=Grid Computing: Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality |author=Berman, Fran; Fox, Geoffrey; Hey, Tony |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2003 |pages=9–50 |isbn=9780470853191 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="NSTCHPC">{{cite book |url=https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/bluebooks/1997/cover-front.html |title=High Performance Computing and Communications: Advancing the Frontiers of Information Technology |author=National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Computing, Information, and Communications |publisher=National Science and Technology Council |year=November 1996 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Not long afterwards, CPU scavenging and volunteer computing projects like distributed.net in 1997<ref name="DNHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.distributed.net/history |title=distributed.net History & Timeline |work=distributed.net |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> and SETI@home in 1999<ref name="SETIAbout">{{cite web |url=http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/sah_about.php |title=About SETI@home |work=SETI@home |publisher=University of California |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> began to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide to solve CPU-intensive research problems.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grid computing was further refined with Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman's widely regarded 1998 work ''The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure'', in which they set out to define and extend the concepts surrounding the idea.<ref name="FosterWhat">{{cite web |url=http://dlib.cs.odu.edu/WhatIsTheGrid.pdf |title=What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist |author=Foster, Ian |date=20 July 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Along with software developer Steven Tuecke, the trio previously lent their expertise to the I-WAY project, particularly through their own Globus Project, which would link sites into "virtual organization" for scientific collaboration.<ref name="BravermanFather">{{cite journal |url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0404/features/index.shtml |title=Father of the Grid |author=Braverman, Amy M. |journal=The University of Chicago Magazine |volume=96 |issue=4 |date=April 2004 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> The group would not only further refine the definition in 2002, but they would also lead the release of the Globus Toolkit, an open-source toolkit for grid computing.<ref name="BravermanFather" /></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 2007 the term [[cloud computing]] came into popularity, which is conceptually similar to the canonical Foster definition of grid computing (in terms of computing resources being consumed as electricity is from the power grid). Indeed, grid computing is often (but not always) associated with the delivery of cloud computing systems.<ref name="GridCloudIBM">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/wa-cloudgrid/ |title=Cloud computing versus grid computing |author=Myerson, Judith M. |work=IBM developerWorks |publisher=IBM |date=03 March 2009 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Grid computing vs. supercomputing==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While supercomputing is essentially parallel computing<ref name="LaffertyPar">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Parallel Computing: An Introduction |author=Lafferty, Eduard L.; Michaud, Marion C.; Prelle, Myra Jean; Goethert, Joan B. |publisher=Noyes Data Corporation |year=1993 |pages=146 |isbn=9781437744934 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>, grid computing is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers connected to a network. The primary performance disadvantage of grid computing to supercomputing is that the various processors and local storage areas typically do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors.<ref name="GridCafe">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-sciencecity.org/EN/gridcafe/computational-problems.html |title=Computational problems |work=GridCafé |publisher=e-ScienceTalk |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Additionally, differences in programming and deployment exist. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system or require the program to address concurrency issues.<ref name="GrahamSuper">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Llhr49iPJNIC&pg=PA134 |title=Getting Up To Speed: The Future of Supercomputing |author=Graham, Susan L.; Snir, Marc; Patterson, Cynthia A. |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2005 |pages=134–135 |isbn=9780309165518 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a "thin" layer of "grid" infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs — given a different part of the same problem — to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine, and it eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Design considerations==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple administrative domains. This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in utility computing, or make it easier to assemble volunteer computing networks. However, the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy, requiring additional security measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results. Authentication, authorization, and encryption methods must all be employed to ensure "the integrity and confidentiality of the data processed within the grid."<ref name="JacobIBMGrid">{{cite book |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf |format=PDF |title=Introduction to Grid Computing |author=Jacob, Bart; Brown, Michael; Fukui, Kentaro; Trivedi, Nihar |publisher=IBM |year=December 2005 |pages=248 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to open an external network of volunteers or contractors.<ref name="JacobIBMGrid" /> In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust "client" nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on heterogeneous systems, using different operating systems and hardware architectures.<ref name="JacobIBMGrid" /> With many languages, there is a trade off between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). Cross-platform languages can reduce the need to make this trade off, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given node (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform).<ref name="PlaszczakGrid">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZyEoEn0_ITIC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38 |title=Grid Computing: The Savvy Manager's Guide |author=Plaszczak, Pawel; Wellner, Jr., Richard |publisher=Elsevier |year=2005 |pages=38–39 |isbn=9780080470764 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Projects and applications==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grid computing offers a way to solve large-scale problems such as protein folding, financial modeling, and geographic and meteorological simulations. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. Examples include:</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}} the open-source Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform was being used by over 3.2 million users. Of those users, 1.5 million users were attached to SETI@home, a project dedicated to detecting intelligent life beyond Earth, achieving an average of 1,969 TeraFLOPS (floating point operations per second).<ref name="SETIFLOPS">{{cite web |url=http://www.allprojectstats.com/po.php?projekt=15 |title=Project statistics - SETI@home |work=All Project Stats |publisher=BOINC |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}}, Folding@home, a project dedicated to disease research, achieves 39,990 TeraFLOPS from over 172,000 users.<ref name="FHStats">{{cite web |url=http://fah-web.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/main.py?qtype=osstats2 |title=Folding@home Client statistics by OS |work=Folding@home |publisher=Pande Lab, Stanford University |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}}, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid — dedicated to handling nearly 30 petabytes of data per year from the Large Hadron Collider — involves 40 countries, 170 computing centers, and two million jobs run every day, making it one of the largest grid computing projects ever.<ref name="WLCG">{{cite web |url=http://wlcg-public.web.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome - Worldwide LHC Computing Grid |publisher=CERN |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Further reading==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{cite book |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf |format=PDF |title=Introduction to Grid Computing |author=Jacob, Bart; Brown, Michael; Fukui, Kentaro; Trivedi, Nihar |publisher=IBM |year=December 2005 |pages=248}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==See also==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Cloud computing]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Notes==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This article reuses numerous content elements from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing the Wikipedia article].</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><references /></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
</table>MediaWiki spam cleanuphttps://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=16001&oldid=prevShawndouglas: Added section.2014-09-17T23:50:53Z<p>Added section.</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{As of|September 2014}}, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid — dedicated to handling nearly 30 petabytes of data per year from the Large Hadron Collider — involves 40 countries, 170 computing centers, and two million jobs run every day, making it one of the largest grid computing projects ever.<ref name="WLCG">{{cite web |url=http://wlcg-public.web.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome - Worldwide LHC Computing Grid |publisher=CERN |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{As of|September 2014}}, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid — dedicated to handling nearly 30 petabytes of data per year from the Large Hadron Collider — involves 40 countries, 170 computing centers, and two million jobs run every day, making it one of the largest grid computing projects ever.<ref name="WLCG">{{cite web |url=http://wlcg-public.web.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome - Worldwide LHC Computing Grid |publisher=CERN |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Further reading==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{cite book |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf |format=PDF |title=Introduction to Grid Computing |author=Jacob, Bart; Brown, Michael; Fukui, Kentaro; Trivedi, Nihar |publisher=IBM |year=December 2005 |pages=248}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
</table>Shawndouglashttps://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=16000&oldid=prevShawndouglas: /* Projects and applications */ Updated content.2014-09-17T23:47:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Projects and applications: </span> Updated content.</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Grid computing offers a way to solve <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Grand Challenge problem]]s </del>such as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>protein folding<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, financial <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[model (abstract)|</del>modeling<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]], [[earthquake]] simulation</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[climate]]/[[weather]] modeling</del>. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They also provide a means for offering information technology as a [[utility computing|utility]] for commercial and noncommercial clients, with those clients paying only for what they use, as with electricity or water.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Grid computing offers a way to solve <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">large-scale problems </ins>such as protein folding, financial modeling, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">geographic and meteorological simulations</ins>. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Examples include:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grid computing is </del>being <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">applied </del>by <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the National Science Foundation's National Technology Grid</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NASA's Information Power Grid</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pratt & Whitney</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and American Express</del>.{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Citation needed</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">date</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">February 2007</del>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{As of|September 2014}} the open-source Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform was </ins>being <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used </ins>by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">over 3.2 million users. Of those users</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1.5 million users were attached to SETI@home</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a project dedicated to detecting intelligent life beyond Earth</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">achieving an average of 1</ins>,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">969 TeraFLOPS (floating point operations per second)</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name="SETIFLOPS"></ins>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cite web |url=http://www.allprojectstats.com/po.php?projekt=15 |title=Project statistics - SETI@home |work=All Project Stats |publisher=BOINC </ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accessdate</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 September 2014</ins>}}<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One cycle-scavenging network is [[SETI@home]], which was using more than 3 million computers to achieve 23.37 sustained [[FLOPS|teraflops]] (979 lifetime teraflops) </del>{{As of|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2001|alt=as of </del>September <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2001</del>}}.<ref><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</del>http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">setiathome.ssl</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">berkeley</del>.edu/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">totals</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html ]{{dead link</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">date</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">July 2010</del>}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* </ins>{{As of|September <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014</ins>}}<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Folding@home, a project dedicated to disease research, achieves 39,990 TeraFLOPS from over 172,000 users</ins>.<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name="FHStats"</ins>><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{cite web |url=</ins>http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fah-web</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stanford</ins>.edu/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cgi-bin/main</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">py?qtype=osstats2 |title=Folding@home Client statistics by OS |work=Folding@home |publisher=Pande Lab, Stanford University </ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accessdate</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 September 2014</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">August 2009 [[Folding@home]] achieves more than 4 petaflops on over 350</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">000 machines.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{</ins>As of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|September 2014}}</ins>, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Worldwide LHC Computing </ins>Grid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">— dedicated to handling nearly 30 petabytes </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">data per year from </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Large Hadron Collider — involves 40 countries</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">170 computing centers</ins>, and two <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">million jobs run every day</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">making it </ins>one <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>the largest grid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">computing projects ever</ins>.<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"WLCG"</ins>>{{cite web |url=http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wlcg-public</ins>.web.cern.ch/ |title=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Welcome - Worldwide LHC Computing Grid </ins>|publisher=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CERN </ins>|accessdate=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 September 2014</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The [[European Union]] funded projects through </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[framework programme]]s of the [[European Commission]]. [[BEinGRID]] (Business Experiments in </del>Grid<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) was a research project funded by the European Commission<ref>[http://www.beingrid.eu/ Home page </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BEinGRID]</ref> as an [[Integrated Project (EU)|Integrated Project]] under </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Sixth Framework Programme]] (FP6) sponsorship program. Started on June 1</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2006, the project ran 42 months</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">until November 2009. The project was coordinated by [[Atos Origin]]. According to the project fact sheet, their mission is “to establish effective routes to foster the adoption of grid computing across the EU and to stimulate research into innovative business models using Grid technologies”. To extract best practice </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">common themes from the experimental implementations, </del>two <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">groups of consultants are analyzing a series of pilots</del>, one <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">technical, one business. The project is significant not only for its long duration, but also for its budget, which at 24.8 million Euros, is </del>the largest <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of any FP6 integrated project. Of this, 15.7 million is provided by the European commission and the remainder by its 98 contributing partner companies. Since the end of the project, the results of BEinGRID have been taken up and carried forward by [http://www.it-tude.com IT-Tude.com].</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project, based in the [[European Union]] and included sites in Asia and the United States, was a follow-up project to the European DataGrid (EDG) and evoled into the [[European Grid Infrastructure]]. This, along with the [[LHC Computing Grid]]<ref>[http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/ Large Hadron Collider Computing Grid official homepage]</ref> (LCG), was developed to support experiments using the [[CERN]] [[Large Hadron Collider]]. The A list of active sites participating within LCG can be found online<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goc.</del>grid.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sinica.edu.tw/gstat/ |title=GStat 2.0&nbsp;– Summary View&nbsp;– GRID EGEE |publisher=Goc.grid.sinica.edu.tw |accessdate=July 29, 2010}}</del><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/</del>ref<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">> as can real time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://gridportal.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/rtm/ |title=Real Time Monitor |publisher=Gridportal.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk |accessdate=July 29, 2010}}</ref> The relevant software and documentation is also publicly accessible.<ref</del>>{{cite web|url=http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lcg</del>.web.cern.ch/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LCG/activities/deployment.html </del>|title=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LCG&nbsp;– Deployment </del>|publisher=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lcg.web.cern.ch </del>|accessdate=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">July 29, 2010}}</ref> There is speculation that dedicated fiber optic links, such as those installed by CERN to address the LCG's data-intensive needs, may one day be available to home users thereby providing internet services at speeds up to 10,000 times faster than a traditional broadband connection.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article3689881.ece "Coming soon: superfast internet"]</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The [[distributed.net]] project was started in 1997.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The [[NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility]] (NAS) ran [[genetic algorithm]]s using the [[Condor cycle scavenger]] running on about 350 [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] workstations.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 2001, [[United Devices]] operated the [[United Devices Cancer Research Project]] based on its [[Grid MP]] product, which cycle-scavenges on volunteer PCs connected to the Internet. The project ran on about 3.1 million machines before its close in 2007.<ref>[http://www.grid.org/stats/ ]{{dead link|date=July 2010</del>}}<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As of 2011, over 6.2 million machines running the open-source [[Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC) platform are members of the [[World Community Grid]], which tops the processing power of the current fastest supercomputer system (China's [[Tianhe-I]]).<ref>[http://boincstats.com BOINCstats]</del></ref></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
</table>Shawndouglashttps://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=15999&oldid=prevShawndouglas: /* Design considerations and variations */ Updated content.2014-09-17T22:57:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Design considerations and variations: </span> Updated content.</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, differences in programming and deployment exist. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system or require the program to address concurrency issues.<ref name="GrahamSuper">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Llhr49iPJNIC&pg=PA134 |title=Getting Up To Speed: The Future of Supercomputing |author=Graham, Susan L.; Snir, Marc; Patterson, Cynthia A. |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2005 |pages=134–135 |isbn=9780309165518 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a "thin" layer of "grid" infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs — given a different part of the same problem — to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine, and it eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, differences in programming and deployment exist. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system or require the program to address concurrency issues.<ref name="GrahamSuper">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Llhr49iPJNIC&pg=PA134 |title=Getting Up To Speed: The Future of Supercomputing |author=Graham, Susan L.; Snir, Marc; Patterson, Cynthia A. |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2005 |pages=134–135 |isbn=9780309165518 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a "thin" layer of "grid" infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs — given a different part of the same problem — to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine, and it eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Design considerations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and variations</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Design considerations==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individuals or organizations (known as multiple [[</del>administrative <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">domain]]s)</del>. This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>utility computing<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, or make it easier to assemble <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>volunteer computing<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>networks.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple administrative <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">domains</ins>. This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in utility computing, or make it easier to assemble volunteer computing networks. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy, requiring additional security measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results. Authentication, authorization, and encryption methods must all be employed to ensure "the integrity and confidentiality of the data processed within the grid."<ref name="JacobIBMGrid">{{cite book |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf |format=PDF |title=Introduction to Grid Computing |author=Jacob, Bart; Brown, Michael; Fukui, Kentaro; Trivedi, Nihar |publisher=IBM |year=December 2005 |pages=248 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One disadvantage </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this feature is that </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy. The designers </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the system must thus introduce measures </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">misleading</del>, or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">erroneous results</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and from using </del>the system <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as an attack vector. This often involves assigning work randomly </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different nodes (presumably </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different owners) and checking that at least two different nodes report </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">same answer for a given work unit</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Discrepancies would identify malfunctioning and malicious </del>nodes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The impacts </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trust and availability on performance and development can influence </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">choice </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whether </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deploy onto a dedicated cluster</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to idle machines internal to the developing organization</ins>, or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to open an external network of volunteers or contractors.<ref name="JacobIBMGrid" /> In many cases</ins>, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">participating nodes must trust the central </ins>system <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering </ins>with the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust "client" </ins>nodes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to the lack of central control over the hardware, there is no way to guarantee that [[Node (computer science)|nodes]] will not drop out of the network at random times. Some nodes (like laptops or [[dialup]] Internet customers) may also be available for computation but not network communications for unpredictable periods. These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results in expected time.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on heterogeneous systems, using different operating systems and hardware architectures.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name="JacobIBMGrid" /> </ins>With many languages, there is a trade off between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). Cross-platform languages can reduce the need to make this trade off, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given node (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform).<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name="PlaszczakGrid">{{cite book </ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">url=http://books</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">google</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/books?id</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ZyEoEn0_ITIC&pg</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PA38&lpg</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PA38 |title</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grid Computing: The Savvy Manager</ins>'s <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Guide |author=Plaszczak</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pawel; Wellner</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jr</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Richard |publisher=Elsevier |year=2005 |pages=38–39 |isbn=9780080470764 </ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accessdate</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 September 2014</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development difficulty can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to an open external network of volunteers or contractors. In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust “client” nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>heterogeneous<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>systems, using different <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>operating systems<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[computer architecture|</del>hardware architectures<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. With many languages, there is a trade off between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Cross-platform<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>languages can reduce the need to make this trade off, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Node (computer science)|</del>node<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>(due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are diverse scientific and commercial projects to harness a particular associated grid or for the purpose of setting up new grids. [[BOINC]] is a common one for various academic projects seeking public volunteers; more are listed at the [[Grid computing#See also</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">end of the article]]</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In fact, the middleware can be seen as a layer between the hardware and the software</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On top of the middleware, a number of technical areas have to be considered, and these may or may not be middleware independent. Example areas include [[Service level agreement|SLA]] management, Trust and Security, Virtual organization management, License Management, Portals and Data Management. These technical areas may be taken care of in a commercial solution, though the cutting edge of each area is often found within specific research projects examining the field.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CPU scavenging</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''CPU-scavenging''', '''cycle-scavenging''', or '</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'shared computing''' creates a “grid” from the unused resources in a network of participants (whether worldwide or internal to an organization). Typically this technique uses desktop computer [[instruction cycle]]</del>s <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that would otherwise be wasted at night</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">during lunch</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or even in the scattered seconds throughout the day when the computer is waiting for user input or slow devices</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In practice</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">participating computers also donate some supporting amount of disk storage space, RAM, and network bandwidth, in addition to raw CPU power.{{Citation needed </del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">date</del>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">July 2013</del>}}</div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Many [[volunteer computing]] projects, such as [[BOINC]], use the CPU scavenging model. Since [[Node (computer science)|nodes]] are likely to go "offline" from time to time, as their owners use their resources for their primary purpose, this model must be designed to handle such contingencies.<ref>Kamran Karimi, Neil G. Dickson, and Firas Hamze, High-Performance Physics Simulations Using Multi-Core CPUs and GPGPUs in a Volunteer Computing Context, International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 2011</del></ref></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Projects and applications==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Projects and applications==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Shawndouglashttps://www.limswiki.org/index.php?title=Grid_computing&diff=15998&oldid=prevShawndouglas: Created as needed. Saving and continuing to edit the content.2014-09-17T22:20:37Z<p>Created as needed. Saving and continuing to edit the content.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Grid computing''' is the use of a shared "infrastructure that bonds and unifies globally remote and diverse [computing] resources"<ref name="MagoulesFund">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Dei9vpdQiHcC&pg=PA1 |title=Fundamentals of Grid Computing: Theory, Algorithms and Technologies |author=Magoulès, Frédéric |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |pages=322 |isbn=9781439803684 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> for the purposes of completing one or more computational tasks that would otherwise require significantly more time if performed on any single machine. Grid computing is a form of distributed computing whereby a virtual supercomputer is formed from many loosely coupled computers acting together to perform large tasks. For certain applications, grid computing can be seen as a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public, or the Internet) via a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet.<ref name="MagoulesFund" /> This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.<br />
<br />
One of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may also involve the aggregation of large-scale clusters, which may vary in size from a small group of workstations confined to a network within a corporation (intra-node cooperation) to large public collaborations across many companies and networks (inter-node cooperation).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The idea grid computing originated in the 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid. Where parallel computing and supercomputers were primarily used in the '80s and '90s, grid computing began to take shape as an option by the mid-1990s. In 1995, the Information-Wide Area Year (I-WAY) project was initiated, dedicated to the integration of other existing high-bandwidth networks and the management of software run over them. This project stood out as one of the first major milestones towards true grid computing.<ref name="BermanGrid">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b4LWXLRBRLsC&pg=PA3 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Grid: Past, Present, and Future |title=Grid Computing: Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality |author=Berman, Fran; Fox, Geoffrey; Hey, Tony |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2003 |pages=9–50 |isbn=9780470853191 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="NSTCHPC">{{cite book |url=https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/bluebooks/1997/cover-front.html |title=High Performance Computing and Communications: Advancing the Frontiers of Information Technology |author=National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Computing, Information, and Communications |publisher=National Science and Technology Council |year=November 1996 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Not long afterwards, CPU scavenging and volunteer computing projects like distributed.net in 1997<ref name="DNHist">{{cite web |url=http://www.distributed.net/history |title=distributed.net History & Timeline |work=distributed.net |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> and SETI@home in 1999<ref name="SETIAbout">{{cite web |url=http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/sah_about.php |title=About SETI@home |work=SETI@home |publisher=University of California |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> began to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide to solve CPU-intensive research problems.<br />
<br />
Grid computing was further refined with Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman's widely regarded 1998 work ''The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure'', in which they set out to define and extend the concepts surrounding the idea.<ref name="FosterWhat">{{cite web |url=http://dlib.cs.odu.edu/WhatIsTheGrid.pdf |title=What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist |author=Foster, Ian |date=20 July 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Along with software developer Steven Tuecke, the trio previously lent their expertise to the I-WAY project, particularly through their own Globus Project, which would link sites into "virtual organization" for scientific collaboration.<ref name="BravermanFather">{{cite journal |url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0404/features/index.shtml |title=Father of the Grid |author=Braverman, Amy M. |journal=The University of Chicago Magazine |volume=96 |issue=4 |date=April 2004 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> The group would not only further refine the definition in 2002, but they would also lead the release of the Globus Toolkit, an open-source toolkit for grid computing.<ref name="BravermanFather" /><br />
<br />
In 2007 the term [[cloud computing]] came into popularity, which is conceptually similar to the canonical Foster definition of grid computing (in terms of computing resources being consumed as electricity is from the power grid). Indeed, grid computing is often (but not always) associated with the delivery of cloud computing systems.<ref name="GridCloudIBM">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/wa-cloudgrid/ |title=Cloud computing versus grid computing |author=Myerson, Judith M. |work=IBM developerWorks |publisher=IBM |date=03 March 2009 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Grid computing vs. supercomputing==<br />
While supercomputing is essentially parallel computing<ref name="LaffertyPar">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Parallel Computing: An Introduction |author=Lafferty, Eduard L.; Michaud, Marion C.; Prelle, Myra Jean; Goethert, Joan B. |publisher=Noyes Data Corporation |year=1993 |pages=146 |isbn=9781437744934 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>, grid computing is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers connected to a network. The primary performance disadvantage of grid computing to supercomputing is that the various processors and local storage areas typically do not have high-speed connections. This arrangement is thus well-suited to applications in which multiple parallel computations can take place independently, without the need to communicate intermediate results between processors.<ref name="GridCafe">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-sciencecity.org/EN/gridcafe/computational-problems.html |title=Computational problems |work=GridCafé |publisher=e-ScienceTalk |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, differences in programming and deployment exist. It can be costly and difficult to write programs that can run in the environment of a supercomputer, which may have a custom operating system or require the program to address concurrency issues.<ref name="GrahamSuper">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Llhr49iPJNIC&pg=PA134 |title=Getting Up To Speed: The Future of Supercomputing |author=Graham, Susan L.; Snir, Marc; Patterson, Cynthia A. |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2005 |pages=134–135 |isbn=9780309165518 |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> If a problem can be adequately parallelized, a "thin" layer of "grid" infrastructure can allow conventional, standalone programs — given a different part of the same problem — to run on multiple machines. This makes it possible to write and debug on a single conventional machine, and it eliminates complications due to multiple instances of the same program running in the same shared memory and storage space at the same time.<br />
<br />
==Design considerations and variations==<br />
One feature of distributed grids is that they can be formed from computing resources belonging to multiple individuals or organizations (known as multiple [[administrative domain]]s). This can facilitate commercial transactions, as in [[utility computing]], or make it easier to assemble [[volunteer computing]] networks.<br />
<br />
One disadvantage of this feature is that the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be entirely trustworthy. The designers of the system must thus introduce measures to prevent malfunctions or malicious participants from producing false, misleading, or erroneous results, and from using the system as an attack vector. This often involves assigning work randomly to different nodes (presumably with different owners) and checking that at least two different nodes report the same answer for a given work unit. Discrepancies would identify malfunctioning and malicious nodes.<br />
<br />
Due to the lack of central control over the hardware, there is no way to guarantee that [[Node (computer science)|nodes]] will not drop out of the network at random times. Some nodes (like laptops or [[dialup]] Internet customers) may also be available for computation but not network communications for unpredictable periods. These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results in expected time.<br />
<br />
The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development difficulty can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated cluster, to idle machines internal to the developing organization, or to an open external network of volunteers or contractors. In many cases, the participating nodes must trust the central system not to abuse the access that is being granted, by interfering with the operation of other programs, mangling stored information, transmitting private data, or creating new security holes. Other systems employ measures to reduce the amount of trust “client” nodes must place in the central system such as placing applications in virtual machines.<br />
<br />
Public systems or those crossing administrative domains (including different departments in the same organization) often result in the need to run on [[heterogeneous]] systems, using different [[operating systems]] and [[computer architecture|hardware architectures]]. With many languages, there is a trade off between investment in software development and the number of platforms that can be supported (and thus the size of the resulting network). [[Cross-platform]] languages can reduce the need to make this trade off, though potentially at the expense of high performance on any given [[Node (computer science)|node]] (due to run-time interpretation or lack of optimization for the particular platform). There are diverse scientific and commercial projects to harness a particular associated grid or for the purpose of setting up new grids. [[BOINC]] is a common one for various academic projects seeking public volunteers; more are listed at the [[Grid computing#See also|end of the article]].<br />
<br />
In fact, the middleware can be seen as a layer between the hardware and the software. On top of the middleware, a number of technical areas have to be considered, and these may or may not be middleware independent. Example areas include [[Service level agreement|SLA]] management, Trust and Security, Virtual organization management, License Management, Portals and Data Management. These technical areas may be taken care of in a commercial solution, though the cutting edge of each area is often found within specific research projects examining the field.<br />
<br />
===CPU scavenging===<br />
'''CPU-scavenging''', '''cycle-scavenging''', or '''shared computing''' creates a “grid” from the unused resources in a network of participants (whether worldwide or internal to an organization). Typically this technique uses desktop computer [[instruction cycle]]s that would otherwise be wasted at night, during lunch, or even in the scattered seconds throughout the day when the computer is waiting for user input or slow devices. In practice, participating computers also donate some supporting amount of disk storage space, RAM, and network bandwidth, in addition to raw CPU power.{{Citation needed |date= July 2013}}<br />
<br />
Many [[volunteer computing]] projects, such as [[BOINC]], use the CPU scavenging model. Since [[Node (computer science)|nodes]] are likely to go "offline" from time to time, as their owners use their resources for their primary purpose, this model must be designed to handle such contingencies.<ref>Kamran Karimi, Neil G. Dickson, and Firas Hamze, High-Performance Physics Simulations Using Multi-Core CPUs and GPGPUs in a Volunteer Computing Context, International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects and applications==<br />
<br />
Grid computing offers a way to solve [[Grand Challenge problem]]s such as [[protein folding]], financial [[model (abstract)|modeling]], [[earthquake]] simulation, and [[climate]]/[[weather]] modeling. Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. They also provide a means for offering information technology as a [[utility computing|utility]] for commercial and noncommercial clients, with those clients paying only for what they use, as with electricity or water.<br />
<br />
Grid computing is being applied by the National Science Foundation's National Technology Grid, NASA's Information Power Grid, Pratt & Whitney, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., and American Express.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}<br />
<br />
One cycle-scavenging network is [[SETI@home]], which was using more than 3 million computers to achieve 23.37 sustained [[FLOPS|teraflops]] (979 lifetime teraflops) {{As of|2001|alt=as of September 2001}}.<ref>[http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/totals.html ]{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of August 2009 [[Folding@home]] achieves more than 4 petaflops on over 350,000 machines.<br />
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The [[European Union]] funded projects through the [[framework programme]]s of the [[European Commission]]. [[BEinGRID]] (Business Experiments in Grid) was a research project funded by the European Commission<ref>[http://www.beingrid.eu/ Home page of BEinGRID]</ref> as an [[Integrated Project (EU)|Integrated Project]] under the [[Sixth Framework Programme]] (FP6) sponsorship program. Started on June 1, 2006, the project ran 42 months, until November 2009. The project was coordinated by [[Atos Origin]]. According to the project fact sheet, their mission is “to establish effective routes to foster the adoption of grid computing across the EU and to stimulate research into innovative business models using Grid technologies”. To extract best practice and common themes from the experimental implementations, two groups of consultants are analyzing a series of pilots, one technical, one business. The project is significant not only for its long duration, but also for its budget, which at 24.8 million Euros, is the largest of any FP6 integrated project. Of this, 15.7 million is provided by the European commission and the remainder by its 98 contributing partner companies. Since the end of the project, the results of BEinGRID have been taken up and carried forward by [http://www.it-tude.com IT-Tude.com].<br />
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The Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project, based in the [[European Union]] and included sites in Asia and the United States, was a follow-up project to the European DataGrid (EDG) and evoled into the [[European Grid Infrastructure]]. This, along with the [[LHC Computing Grid]]<ref>[http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/ Large Hadron Collider Computing Grid official homepage]</ref> (LCG), was developed to support experiments using the [[CERN]] [[Large Hadron Collider]]. The A list of active sites participating within LCG can be found online<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goc.grid.sinica.edu.tw/gstat/ |title=GStat 2.0&nbsp;– Summary View&nbsp;– GRID EGEE |publisher=Goc.grid.sinica.edu.tw |accessdate=July 29, 2010}}</ref> as can real time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gridportal.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/rtm/ |title=Real Time Monitor |publisher=Gridportal.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk |accessdate=July 29, 2010}}</ref> The relevant software and documentation is also publicly accessible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG/activities/deployment.html |title=LCG&nbsp;– Deployment |publisher=Lcg.web.cern.ch |accessdate=July 29, 2010}}</ref> There is speculation that dedicated fiber optic links, such as those installed by CERN to address the LCG's data-intensive needs, may one day be available to home users thereby providing internet services at speeds up to 10,000 times faster than a traditional broadband connection.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article3689881.ece "Coming soon: superfast internet"]</ref><br />
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The [[distributed.net]] project was started in 1997.<br />
The [[NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility]] (NAS) ran [[genetic algorithm]]s using the [[Condor cycle scavenger]] running on about 350 [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] workstations.<br />
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In 2001, [[United Devices]] operated the [[United Devices Cancer Research Project]] based on its [[Grid MP]] product, which cycle-scavenges on volunteer PCs connected to the Internet. The project ran on about 3.1 million machines before its close in 2007.<ref>[http://www.grid.org/stats/ ]{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref><br />
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As of 2011, over 6.2 million machines running the open-source [[Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC) platform are members of the [[World Community Grid]], which tops the processing power of the current fastest supercomputer system (China's [[Tianhe-I]]).<ref>[http://boincstats.com BOINCstats]</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Cloud computing]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
This article reuses numerous content elements from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing the Wikipedia article].<br />
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==References==<br />
<references /></div>Shawndouglas