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As library involvement in bioinformatics has grown, particularly across research and clinical settings, the role of the health information professional as “informationist” has become more prominent. Specifically, in the “bioinformaticist” role, the information professional possesses advanced subject knowledge in information science as well as applied technical and biological skills.<ref name="DavidoffTheInfo00">{{cite journal |title=The informationist: A new health profession? |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |author=Davidoff, F.; Florance, V. |volume=132 |issue=12 |pages=996–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10858185 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-12-200006200-00012}}</ref><ref name="HelmsBioinfo04">{{cite journal |title=Bioinformatics opportunities for health sciences librarians and information professionals |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |author=Helms, A.J.; Bradford, K.D.; Warren, N.J.; Schwartz, D.G. |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=489–93 |year=2004 |pmid=15494764 |pmc=PMC521520}}</ref> Those responsible for building library bioinformatics programs must discern user needs and skills, identify existing services, develop plans for new services, recruit and train specialized staff, establish collaborations with other centers at their institutions, and assess the success of such programs.<ref name="GeerBroad06">{{cite journal |title=Bioinformatics opportunities for health sciences librarians and information professionals |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |author=Helms, A.J.; Bradford, K.D.; Warren, N.J.; Schwartz, D.G. |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=489–93 |year=2004 |pmid=15494764 |pmc=PMC521520}}</ref><ref name="LyonCarving06">{{cite journal |title=Carving a niche: Establishing bioinformatics collaborations |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |author=Lyon, J.A.; Tennant, M.R.; Messner, K.R.; Osterbur, D.L. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=330–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16888668 |pmc=PMC1525329}}</ref> If executed effectively, library involvement in bioinformatics support services has the potential to contribute to the process of scientific discovery and save the research community valuable time and money.
As library involvement in bioinformatics has grown, particularly across research and clinical settings, the role of the health information professional as “informationist” has become more prominent. Specifically, in the “bioinformaticist” role, the information professional possesses advanced subject knowledge in information science as well as applied technical and biological skills.<ref name="DavidoffTheInfo00">{{cite journal |title=The informationist: A new health profession? |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |author=Davidoff, F.; Florance, V. |volume=132 |issue=12 |pages=996–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10858185 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-12-200006200-00012}}</ref><ref name="HelmsBioinfo04">{{cite journal |title=Bioinformatics opportunities for health sciences librarians and information professionals |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |author=Helms, A.J.; Bradford, K.D.; Warren, N.J.; Schwartz, D.G. |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=489–93 |year=2004 |pmid=15494764 |pmc=PMC521520}}</ref> Those responsible for building library bioinformatics programs must discern user needs and skills, identify existing services, develop plans for new services, recruit and train specialized staff, establish collaborations with other centers at their institutions, and assess the success of such programs.<ref name="GeerBroad06">{{cite journal |title=Bioinformatics opportunities for health sciences librarians and information professionals |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |author=Helms, A.J.; Bradford, K.D.; Warren, N.J.; Schwartz, D.G. |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=489–93 |year=2004 |pmid=15494764 |pmc=PMC521520}}</ref><ref name="LyonCarving06">{{cite journal |title=Carving a niche: Establishing bioinformatics collaborations |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |author=Lyon, J.A.; Tennant, M.R.; Messner, K.R.; Osterbur, D.L. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=330–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16888668 |pmc=PMC1525329}}</ref> If executed effectively, library involvement in bioinformatics support services has the potential to contribute to the process of scientific discovery and save the research community valuable time and money.
==Study purpose==
The purpose of this case study is to outline the process of creating, developing, and assessing a bioinformatics support program at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.
==Case presentation==
The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a part of the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], is the nation’s medical research agency. Located in the Clinical Research Center at the heart of campus, the NIH Library supports the clinical care and research of the intramural community, which leads to discoveries that improve public health and save lives. In addition to bioinformatics, the NIH Library provides services in bibliometrics, custom information solutions, data management and analysis, document delivery, editing, literature searching, research assistance, systematic reviews, training, and translations.<ref name="NIHAboutUs">{{cite web |url=https://nihlibrary.nih.gov/about-us |title=About Us |work=NIH Library |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=09 March 2018}}</ref>
In 2008, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) scaled back its bioinformatics training program, creating a need for other groups to offer the training previously provided by the NCBI. The NIH Library, in keeping with its objective to support intramural research in genetics and bioinformatics more comprehensively, stepped in to fill that void by offering training specifically geared towards NIH investigators.
In February 2009, the NIH Library hired an expert bioinformatics trainer and consultant, Dr. Medha Bhagwat, to support bioinformatics research at NIH. Up to this point, the library did not offer bioinformatics support services. Dr. Bhagwat arrived from NCBI with 11 years of bioinformatics experience as well as diverse expertise in biochemistry and structural biology.
During her tenure at NCBI, Dr. Bhagwat developed and taught several two-hour mini-courses dealing with the effective use of specialized bioinformatics tools. These included “quick start” courses on analyzing microbial genomes, structural analysis, identification of disease genes, correlating disease genes and phenotypes, understanding DNA and protein sequences, and utilizing tools such as BLAST, Entrez Gene, MapViewer, and GenBank. Leveraging the courses and training she had previously developed at NCBI, Dr. Bhagwat was able to create classes tailored to the specific bioinformatics needs of the NIH intramural research community.<ref name="BhagwatMini06">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/minicourses/ |title=Mini Courses |author=Bhagwat, M.; Wheeler, D.; Valjavec-Gratian, M. |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |date=2006}}</ref> Previous work as a bench scientist endowed her with an understanding of the needs and terminology particular to biomedical researchers. The fact that Dr. Bhagwat had been employed on the NIH campus since 1994 meant that she had also generated a strong internal network and was able to feel the pulse of the research community. These qualities combined to immediately make Dr. Bhagwat a valuable resource in her new role at the NIH Library.
Although Dr. Bhagwat had the expertise, experience, and training as a bioinformaticist, preliminary work was necessary to build a comprehensive bioinformatics support program. She began by researching bioinformatics support programs at prominent medical libraries and found that such programs include one or more of the following: instruction, licensing, computing software, collections, resource development such as online tutorials, and frameworks for collaborations among researchers. She then sought to identify the requirements of the NIH research community via a three-pronged approach: interviews with bioinformatics specialists at several NIH institutes, direct interaction with researchers during early training and consultation sessions, and a formal survey of NIH scientists. An initial bioinformatics support program was established, consisting of classroom training, one-on-one tutorials and consultation, online tutorials, software and database licenses, high-performance computers, and a collection of books, journals, and other literature.
Classroom training is taught by NIH Library staff as well as outside speakers, including subject and product experts supplied by bioinformatics software vendors. Most of the classroom instruction is provided in the library training room with additional live streaming over WebEx in some cases. Dr. Bhagwat formed strategic partnerships with several institutes to teach on-site training programs offered to extramural scientists, medical professionals, educators, and students at other facilities. These partnerships have helped expand the reach of the NIH Library’s bioinformatics support program and have fostered a network of bioinformatics experts across campus. Examples include the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) Precision Health Boot Camp<ref name="NIHPrecision18">{{cite web |url=https://www.ninr.nih.gov/training/trainingopportunitiesintramural/bootcamp |title=NINR "Precision Health: Smart Technologies, Smart Health” Boot Camp |work=National Institute of Nursing Research |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=09 March 2018}}</ref> and the Summer Genetics Institute for nurses<ref name="NIHSGI18">{{cite web |url=https://www.ninr.nih.gov/training/trainingopportunitiesintramural/summergeneticsinstitute |title=Summer Genetics Institute (SGI) |work=National Institute of Nursing Research |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=09 March 2018}}</ref>; the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Short Course in Genomics<ref name="NIHNationalHuman18">{{cite web |url=https://www.genome.gov/10000217/nhgri-short-course-in-genomics/ |title=National Human Genome Research Institute Short Course in Genomics |work=National Human Genome Research Institute |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=09 March 2018}}</ref> for middle- and high-school teachers, community college, and tribal-college faculty; and the National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) remote hands-on classes hosted by university libraries for academic researchers.<ref name="CDUBioinfo16">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/CDUNewsletters/activenews_view.asp?articleID=719 |title=Bioinformatics: Clinical Genomics Subject of Mini Course |work=CDU Newsletter |publisher=Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science |date=01 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="UoMConnective13">{{cite journal |title=PubChem Training from NLM |author=University of Maryland Health Sciences and Human Services Library |journal=Connective Issues |volume=7 |issue=4 |year=2013  |url=http://www2.hshsl.umaryland.edu/newsletter/?p=1434}}</ref> Dr. Bhagwat taught a two-credit course “Practical Bioinformatics” at the Foundation for Advanced Education Sciences (FAES) at NIH annually during the fall semester<ref name="FAES1516">{{cite web |url=https://faes.org/sites/default/files/files/FAES%20Catalog%202015-16%20FINAL.pdf |format=PDF |title=2015–2016 Catalog of Courses and Student Handbook |publisher=Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences |page=24 |date=2015}}</ref>, and she gave lectures at Georgetown University as adjunct faculty and provided continuing education courses at both the Medical Library Association<ref name="MLA12Prelim12">{{cite web |url=http://www.mlanet.org/d/do/1854 |format=PDF |title=MLA '12 Preliminary Program |publisher=Medical Library Association |page=15 |date=2012}}</ref> and Special Library Association conferences.<ref name="SLABiofeed10">{{cite journal |title=2010 Conference Program Preview |journal=Biofeedback |author=Hooper-Lane, C. |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=2 |year=2010 |url=http://dbiosla.org/publications/pubs/biofeedback/Spring2010.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> The annual NIH Library Bioinformatics Research Symposium serves as a great example of a collaborative endeavor in which the Library organizes a two-day event featuring a series of scientific presentations highlighting practical applications of the analysis tools and databases licensed by the NIH Library for NIH researchers. The presenters are all scientists from NIH or relevant companies offering such bioinformatics tools.<ref name="NIHLibBioinfo">{{cite web |url=https://nihlibrary.nih.gov/services/bioinformatics-support |title=Bioinformatics Support Program |work=NIH Library |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=09 March 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:54, 27 March 2018

Full article title Developing a bioinformatics program and supporting infrastructure in a biomedical library
Journal Journal of eScience Librarianship
Author(s) Hosburgh, Nathan
Author affiliation(s) National Institutes of Health
Primary contact Email: Nathan dot Hosburgh at nih dot gov
Year published 2018
Volume and issue 7(2)
Page(s) 2
DOI 10.7191/jeslib.2018.1129
ISSN 2161-3974
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib/vol7/iss2/2/
Download https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=jeslib (PDF)

Abstract

Background: Over the last couple decades, the field of bioinformatics has helped spur medical discoveries that offer a better understanding of the genetic basis of disease, which in turn improve public health and save lives. Concomitantly, support requirements for molecular biology researchers have grown in scope and complexity, incorporating specialized resources, technologies, and techniques.

Case presentation: To address this specific need among National Institutes of Health (NIH) intramural researchers, the NIH Library hired an expert bioinformatics trainer and consultant with a PhD in biochemistry to implement a bioinformatics support program. This study traces the program from its inception in 2009 to its present form. Discussion involves the particular skills of program staff, development of content, collection of resources, associated technology, assessment, and the impact of the program on the NIH community.

Conclusion: Based on quantitative and qualitative data, the bioinformatics support program has been heavily used and appreciated by researchers. Continued success will depend on filling key staff positions, building on the existing program infrastructure, and keeping abreast of developments within the field to remain relevant and in touch with the medical research community utilizing bioinformatics services.

Keywords: bioinformatics, bioinformatics support program, biomedical library

Introduction and background

In the context of an ever-expanding information landscape, those involved in biomedical research have become increasingly reliant on the use of bioinformatics to analyze large amounts of complex data. Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field involving molecular biology and genetics, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. Large-scale biological problems, such as modeling biological processes, are addressed from a computational point of view so that inferences can be made from aggregate data.[1] As stated by Rein[2], “Bioinformatics research advances in such areas as gene therapy, personalized medicine, drug discovery, the inherited basis of complex diseases influenced by multiple gene/ environmental interactions, and the identification of the molecular targets for environmental mutagens and carcinogens have wide ranging implications for the medical and consumer health sectors.”[2] The field of bioinformatics has seen explosive growth since the mid-1990s, spurred by the Human Genome Project and rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology.

Despite the importance of bioinformatics in advancing scientific research, it has been observed that most researchers in the life sciences do not have the necessary training to take advantage of the array of bioinformatics tools and resources available to them due to the rapidly evolving, interdisciplinary nature of the field.[3] Extensive technological changes, new databases and software, and changes in the types and quantity of data combine to pose formidable challenges to the uninitiated. Likewise, few biomedical librarians have the training, experience, or subject expertise required to provide robust bioinformatics services such as interpretation of molecular sequence database search results, pathway analysis, and data analysis from the latest biotechnology advances. Therefore, some institutions have recruited individuals with advanced degrees in biology or biochemistry and a strong background in bioinformatics to assess the molecular biological information needs of researchers and design strategies to enhance library resources and services in the areas of consultation, education, and resource development.[2][4][5]

As library involvement in bioinformatics has grown, particularly across research and clinical settings, the role of the health information professional as “informationist” has become more prominent. Specifically, in the “bioinformaticist” role, the information professional possesses advanced subject knowledge in information science as well as applied technical and biological skills.[6][7] Those responsible for building library bioinformatics programs must discern user needs and skills, identify existing services, develop plans for new services, recruit and train specialized staff, establish collaborations with other centers at their institutions, and assess the success of such programs.[8][9] If executed effectively, library involvement in bioinformatics support services has the potential to contribute to the process of scientific discovery and save the research community valuable time and money.

Study purpose

The purpose of this case study is to outline the process of creating, developing, and assessing a bioinformatics support program at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.

Case presentation

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency. Located in the Clinical Research Center at the heart of campus, the NIH Library supports the clinical care and research of the intramural community, which leads to discoveries that improve public health and save lives. In addition to bioinformatics, the NIH Library provides services in bibliometrics, custom information solutions, data management and analysis, document delivery, editing, literature searching, research assistance, systematic reviews, training, and translations.[10]

In 2008, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) scaled back its bioinformatics training program, creating a need for other groups to offer the training previously provided by the NCBI. The NIH Library, in keeping with its objective to support intramural research in genetics and bioinformatics more comprehensively, stepped in to fill that void by offering training specifically geared towards NIH investigators.

In February 2009, the NIH Library hired an expert bioinformatics trainer and consultant, Dr. Medha Bhagwat, to support bioinformatics research at NIH. Up to this point, the library did not offer bioinformatics support services. Dr. Bhagwat arrived from NCBI with 11 years of bioinformatics experience as well as diverse expertise in biochemistry and structural biology.

During her tenure at NCBI, Dr. Bhagwat developed and taught several two-hour mini-courses dealing with the effective use of specialized bioinformatics tools. These included “quick start” courses on analyzing microbial genomes, structural analysis, identification of disease genes, correlating disease genes and phenotypes, understanding DNA and protein sequences, and utilizing tools such as BLAST, Entrez Gene, MapViewer, and GenBank. Leveraging the courses and training she had previously developed at NCBI, Dr. Bhagwat was able to create classes tailored to the specific bioinformatics needs of the NIH intramural research community.[11] Previous work as a bench scientist endowed her with an understanding of the needs and terminology particular to biomedical researchers. The fact that Dr. Bhagwat had been employed on the NIH campus since 1994 meant that she had also generated a strong internal network and was able to feel the pulse of the research community. These qualities combined to immediately make Dr. Bhagwat a valuable resource in her new role at the NIH Library.

Although Dr. Bhagwat had the expertise, experience, and training as a bioinformaticist, preliminary work was necessary to build a comprehensive bioinformatics support program. She began by researching bioinformatics support programs at prominent medical libraries and found that such programs include one or more of the following: instruction, licensing, computing software, collections, resource development such as online tutorials, and frameworks for collaborations among researchers. She then sought to identify the requirements of the NIH research community via a three-pronged approach: interviews with bioinformatics specialists at several NIH institutes, direct interaction with researchers during early training and consultation sessions, and a formal survey of NIH scientists. An initial bioinformatics support program was established, consisting of classroom training, one-on-one tutorials and consultation, online tutorials, software and database licenses, high-performance computers, and a collection of books, journals, and other literature.

Classroom training is taught by NIH Library staff as well as outside speakers, including subject and product experts supplied by bioinformatics software vendors. Most of the classroom instruction is provided in the library training room with additional live streaming over WebEx in some cases. Dr. Bhagwat formed strategic partnerships with several institutes to teach on-site training programs offered to extramural scientists, medical professionals, educators, and students at other facilities. These partnerships have helped expand the reach of the NIH Library’s bioinformatics support program and have fostered a network of bioinformatics experts across campus. Examples include the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) Precision Health Boot Camp[12] and the Summer Genetics Institute for nurses[13]; the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Short Course in Genomics[14] for middle- and high-school teachers, community college, and tribal-college faculty; and the National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) remote hands-on classes hosted by university libraries for academic researchers.[15][16] Dr. Bhagwat taught a two-credit course “Practical Bioinformatics” at the Foundation for Advanced Education Sciences (FAES) at NIH annually during the fall semester[17], and she gave lectures at Georgetown University as adjunct faculty and provided continuing education courses at both the Medical Library Association[18] and Special Library Association conferences.[19] The annual NIH Library Bioinformatics Research Symposium serves as a great example of a collaborative endeavor in which the Library organizes a two-day event featuring a series of scientific presentations highlighting practical applications of the analysis tools and databases licensed by the NIH Library for NIH researchers. The presenters are all scientists from NIH or relevant companies offering such bioinformatics tools.[20]

References

  1. Can, T. (2014). "Introduction to Bioinformatics". In Yousef, M.; Allmer, J.. miRNomics: MicroRNA Biology and Computational Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1107. Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-748-8_4. ISBN 9781627037488. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rein, D.C. (2006). "Developing library bioinformatics services in context: The Purdue University Libraries bioinformationist program". Journal of the Medical Library Association 94 (3): 314–20. PMC PMC1525331. PMID 16888666. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525331. 
  3. Schneider, M.V.; Watson, J.; Attwood, T. et al. (2010). "Bioinformatics training: A review of challenges, actions and support requirements". Briefings in Bioinformatics 11 (6): 544–51. doi:10.1093/bib/bbq021. PMID 20562256. 
  4. Li, M.; Chen, Y.B.; Clintworth, W.A. (2013). "Expanding roles in a library-based bioinformatics service program: A case study". Journal of the Medical Library Association 101 (4): 303–9. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.101.4.012. PMC PMC3794686. PMID 24163602. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794686. 
  5. Yarfitz, S.; Ketchell, D.S. (2000). "A library-based bioinformatics services program". Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 88 (1): 36–48. PMC PMC35196. PMID 10658962. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35196. 
  6. Davidoff, F.; Florance, V. (2000). "The informationist: A new health profession?". Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (12): 996–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-12-200006200-00012. PMID 10858185. 
  7. Helms, A.J.; Bradford, K.D.; Warren, N.J.; Schwartz, D.G. (2004). "Bioinformatics opportunities for health sciences librarians and information professionals". Journal of the Medical Library Association 92 (4): 489–93. PMC PMC521520. PMID 15494764. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521520. 
  8. Helms, A.J.; Bradford, K.D.; Warren, N.J.; Schwartz, D.G. (2004). "Bioinformatics opportunities for health sciences librarians and information professionals". Journal of the Medical Library Association 92 (4): 489–93. PMC PMC521520. PMID 15494764. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521520. 
  9. Lyon, J.A.; Tennant, M.R.; Messner, K.R.; Osterbur, D.L. (2006). "Carving a niche: Establishing bioinformatics collaborations". Journal of the Medical Library Association 94 (3): 330–5. PMC PMC1525329. PMID 16888668. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525329. 
  10. "About Us". NIH Library. National Institutes of Health. https://nihlibrary.nih.gov/about-us. Retrieved 09 March 2018. 
  11. Bhagwat, M.; Wheeler, D.; Valjavec-Gratian, M. (2006). "Mini Courses". National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/minicourses/. 
  12. "NINR "Precision Health: Smart Technologies, Smart Health” Boot Camp". National Institute of Nursing Research. National Institutes of Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/training/trainingopportunitiesintramural/bootcamp. Retrieved 09 March 2018. 
  13. "Summer Genetics Institute (SGI)". National Institute of Nursing Research. National Institutes of Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/training/trainingopportunitiesintramural/summergeneticsinstitute. Retrieved 09 March 2018. 
  14. "National Human Genome Research Institute Short Course in Genomics". National Human Genome Research Institute. National Institutes of Health. https://www.genome.gov/10000217/nhgri-short-course-in-genomics/. Retrieved 09 March 2018. 
  15. "Bioinformatics: Clinical Genomics Subject of Mini Course". CDU Newsletter. Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science. 1 April 2016. https://www.cdrewu.edu/CDUNewsletters/activenews_view.asp?articleID=719. 
  16. University of Maryland Health Sciences and Human Services Library (2013). "PubChem Training from NLM". Connective Issues 7 (4). http://www2.hshsl.umaryland.edu/newsletter/?p=1434. 
  17. "2015–2016 Catalog of Courses and Student Handbook" (PDF). Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences. 2015. p. 24. https://faes.org/sites/default/files/files/FAES%20Catalog%202015-16%20FINAL.pdf. 
  18. "MLA '12 Preliminary Program" (PDF). Medical Library Association. 2012. p. 15. http://www.mlanet.org/d/do/1854. 
  19. Hooper-Lane, C. (2010). "2010 Conference Program Preview" (PDF). Biofeedback 35 (2): 2. http://dbiosla.org/publications/pubs/biofeedback/Spring2010.pdf. 
  20. "Bioinformatics Support Program". NIH Library. National Institutes of Health. https://nihlibrary.nih.gov/services/bioinformatics-support. Retrieved 09 March 2018. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original article lists references in alphabetical order, by author; this version lists them in order of appearance, by design.