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===Rationale for using ELN in a teaching laboratory===
PLNs have been used by both academia and the industry even since data collection began.<ref name="KanareWriting85">{{cite book |title=Writing the Laboratory Notebook |author=Kanare, H.M. |publisher=American Chemical Society |pages=150 |year=1985 |isbn=9780841209336}}</ref> PLNs are still widely used, but they cannot accommodate the large sets of data generated by today’s life science experiments.<ref name="GilesGoing12">{{cite journal |title=Going paperless: The digital lab |journal=Nature |author=Giles, J. |volume=481 |issue=7382 |pages=430–1 |year=2012 |doi=10.1038/481430a |pmid=22281576}}</ref> Legibility, data integrity, security, and archiving of PLNs are a huge logistical and financial burden. Inefficiencies inherent in using PLNs costs the drug industry about $1 billion annually by way of lost data sharing opportunities and redundancy in data generation.<ref name="ButlerElectronic05">{{cite journal |title=Electronic notebooks: A new leaf |journal=Nature |author=Butler, D. |volume=436 |issue=7047 |pages=20–1 |year=2005 |doi=10.1038/436020a |pmid=16001034}}</ref> ELNs can effectively address several disadvantages associated with PLNs. ELNs facilitate better workflow, quick data retrieval, remote accessibility of data, and enables superior data integrity. A recent article in ''Science Careers'' identified knowledge in using ELNs as one of the key tools for successful careers in the science and technology industry.<ref name="PainCareer16">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/07/career-advice-highlights-euroscience-open-forum |title=Career advice highlights from the EuroScience Open Forum |author=Pain, E. |work=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=26 July 2016}}</ref> We included ELN training in the bioprocess engineering lab course to better prepare students for careers in the biotechnology industry, to streamline workflow in the teaching lab, to facilitate data sharing and collaboration among student teams, and to create a culture of ELN use for the future workforce.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:58, 23 April 2018

Full article title Implementation and use of cloud-based electronic lab notebook in a bioprocess engineering teaching laboratory
Journal Journal of Biological Engineering
Author(s) Riley, Erin M.; Hattaway, Holly Z.; Felse, P. Arthur
Author affiliation(s) Northwestern University
Primary contact Email: afelse at northwestern dot edu
Year published 2017
Volume and issue 11
Page(s) 40
DOI 10.1186/s13036-017-0083-2
ISSN 1754-1611
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://jbioleng.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13036-017-0083-2
Download https://jbioleng.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13036-017-0083-2 (PDF)
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Abstract

Background: Electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) are better equipped than paper laboratory notebooks (PLNs) to handle present-day life science and engineering experiments that generate large data sets and require high levels of data integrity. But limited training and a lack of workforce with ELN knowledge have restricted the use of ELN in academic and industry research laboratories, which still rely on cumbersome PLNs for record keeping. We used LabArchives, a cloud-based ELN in our bioprocess engineering lab course to train students in electronic record keeping, good documentation practices (GDPs), and data integrity.

Results: Implementation of ELN in the bioprocess engineering lab course, an analysis of user experiences, and our development actions to improve ELN training are presented here. ELN improved pedagogy and learning outcomes of the lab course through streamlined workflow, quick data recording and archiving, and enhanced data sharing and collaboration. It also enabled superior data integrity, simplified information exchange, and allowed real-time and remote monitoring of experiments. Several attributes related to positive user experiences of ELN improved between the two subsequent years in which ELN was offered. Student responses also indicate that ELN is better than PLN for compliance.

Conclusions: We demonstrated that ELN can be successfully implemented in a lab course with significant benefits to pedagogy, GDP training, and data integrity. The methods and processes presented here for ELN implementation can be adapted to many types of laboratory experiments.

Keywords: electronic lab notebook, good documentation practice, data integrity, experiment workflow, pedagogy

Background

Data recording and reporting is of highest importance in all types of research. Data that is not recorded or recorded incorrectly is summarily invalid. Academic teaching laboratory courses have emphasized the importance of accurate record keeping and extensively trained students in good documentation practices (GDPs) based on paper lab notebooks (PLNs). Though the use of PLNs has been perfected over several decades, the large data sets generated by many contemporary life science experiments are better managed through electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs). But the academic community has been generally slow in moving towards the use of electronic laboratory notebooks.[1][2] Lack of resources, non-standardized regulations, data security concerns, and low activation energy for changes contribute to poor adoption of ELN in academia.[3] As a result, only about five percent of academic labs use ELNs.[4] Agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) routinely emphasize the importance of data sharing and reproducibility. A report from the NIH concluded that the main reason for non-reproducibility of research data is the lack of good documentation methods rather than scientific misconduct.[5] ELNs can facilitate data sharing and simplify good documentation practices, and subsequently improve reliability of scientific data better than PLNs.[6] Also, ELNs can simplify recording and archiving of large data sets such as those generated in -omics research and in core laboratories.[7]

Academic laboratories are beginning to adopt ELNs, encouraged by the recent availability of several open-source, cloud-based ELN software options for life science research.[8] Many vendors have launched no- or low-cost versions of ELN software for academic use.[9] Machina and Wild[10] in their review article categorize the pros, cons, difficulties, and success factors in implementing ELNs in academia. Rubacha et al. classified 35 commercial ELNs in the market and developed guidelines to select the right ELN based on user requirements.[11] A more recent study identified cost and incompatibility across operating systems as the key barriers for adoption of ELNs in academia and provided a framework to build future ELNs based on user feedback results.[12] Some academic laboratories have developed surrogate ELNs by adapting software that were originally not intended for data recording. Examples include the use of Evernote, Google Docs, Microsoft OneNote, and web blogs as ELNs.[13][14][15][16] In addition, the following studies on inclusion of ELN in teaching laboratories have been reported in the literature: an ELN based on the Sakai software was used in an inquiry-based biochemistry teaching laboratory course[17], and the Pebblepad ePortfolio system was used as an ELN in a biochemistry and molecular biology lab course.[18] Weibel has also described the use of Google Docs for a paperless undergraduate physical chemistry teaching laboratory.[19]

In this paper we present the implementation and use of LabArchives, a cloud-based ELN software in our bioprocess engineering laboratory course. The multitude of pedagogical objectives accomplished through the use of LabArchives ELN is summarized in Fig. 1. For students, LabArchives facilitated legible and quick data recording, improved data sharing and collaboration, and streamlined the lab notebook submission process. For instructors, it facilitated real-time monitoring of experiment workflow, ease of grading and feedback, and simplified information sharing with students. For the lab course, it enabled superior data integrity and quality through reliable audit trails and efficient archiving of data. We also present an analysis of students’ responses on the use of the ELN, our development actions to improve student experience, and a proposal of future directions.


Fig1 Riley JOfBioEng2017 11.gif

Figure 1: Pedagogical goals accomplished through ELN

Rationale for using ELN in a teaching laboratory

PLNs have been used by both academia and the industry even since data collection began.[20] PLNs are still widely used, but they cannot accommodate the large sets of data generated by today’s life science experiments.[21] Legibility, data integrity, security, and archiving of PLNs are a huge logistical and financial burden. Inefficiencies inherent in using PLNs costs the drug industry about $1 billion annually by way of lost data sharing opportunities and redundancy in data generation.[22] ELNs can effectively address several disadvantages associated with PLNs. ELNs facilitate better workflow, quick data retrieval, remote accessibility of data, and enables superior data integrity. A recent article in Science Careers identified knowledge in using ELNs as one of the key tools for successful careers in the science and technology industry.[23] We included ELN training in the bioprocess engineering lab course to better prepare students for careers in the biotechnology industry, to streamline workflow in the teaching lab, to facilitate data sharing and collaboration among student teams, and to create a culture of ELN use for the future workforce.

References

  1. ↑ Rudolphi, F.; Goossen, L.J. (2012). "Electronic laboratory notebook: The academic point of view". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52 (2): 293–301. doi:10.1021/ci2003895. PMID 22077095. 
  2. ↑ Kloeckner, F.; Farkas, R.; Franken, T. et al. (2014). "Development of a prediction model on the acceptance of electronic laboratory notebooks in academic environments". Biomedizinische Technik 59 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1515/bmt-2013-0023. PMID 24225123. 
  3. ↑ Riedl D.H.; Dunn, M.K. (2013). "Quality assurance mechanisms for the unregulated research environment". Trends in Biotechnology 31 (10): 552–4. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.007. PMID 24054820. 
  4. ↑ Tachibana, C. (2014). "The paperless lab". Science 345 (6195): 468–70. doi:10.1126/science.345.6195.468. 
  5. ↑ Collins, F.S.; Tabak, L.A. (2014). "NIH plans to enhance reproducibility". Nature 505 (7485): 612–3. PMC PMC4058759. PMID 24482835. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058759. 
  6. ↑ Rosenberg, D.M.; Horn, C.C. (2016). "Neurophysiological analytics for all! Free open-source software tools for documenting, analyzing, visualizing, and sharing using electronic notebooks". Journal of Neurophysiology 116 (2): 252–62. doi:10.1152/jn.00137.2016. PMC PMC4969392. PMID 27098025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969392. 
  7. ↑ Nussbeck, S.Y.; Weil, P.; Menzel, J. et al. (2014). "The laboratory notebook in the 21st century: The electronic laboratory notebook would enhance good scientific practice and increase research productivity". EMBO Reports 15 (6): 631–4. doi:10.15252/embr.201338358. PMC PMC4197872. PMID 24833749. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197872. 
  8. ↑ Voegele, C.; Bouchereau, B.; Robinot, N. et al. (2013). "A universal open-source electronic laboratory notebook". Bioinformatics 29 (13): 1710–1712. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt253. PMID 23645817. 
  9. ↑ Barillari, C.; Ottoz, D.S.M.; Fuentes-Serna, J.M. et al. (2016). "openBIS ELN-LIMS: An open-source database for academic laboratories". Bioinformatics 32 (4): 638–640. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv606. PMC PMC4743625. PMID 26508761. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743625. 
  10. ↑ Machina, H.K.; Wild, D.J. (2013). "Electronic laboratory notebooks progress and challenges in implementation". Journal of Laboratory Automation 18 (4): 264–8. doi:10.1177/2211068213484471. PMID 23592569. 
  11. ↑ Rubacha, M.; Rattan, A.K.; Hosselet, S.C. (2011). "A review of electronic laboratory notebooks available in the market today". Journal of Laboratory Automation 16 (1): 90–8. doi:10.1016/j.jala.2009.01.002. PMID 21609689. 
  12. ↑ Kanza, S.; Willoughby, C.; Gibbins, N.; Whitby, R.; Frey, J.G.; Erjavec, J.; Zupančič, K.; Kovač, K. (2017). "Electronic lab notebooks: Can they replace paper?". Journal of Cheminformatics 9: 31. doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0221-3. 
  13. ↑ Walsh, E.; Choi, I. (2013). "Using Evernote as an electronic lab notebook in a translational science laboratory". Journal of Laboratory Automation 18 (3): 229-34. doi:10.1177/2211068212471834. PMID 23271786. 
  14. ↑ Bonham, S. (2010). "Whole Class Laboratories with Google Docs". The Physics Teacher 49: 22. doi:10.1119/1.3527749. 
  15. ↑ Guerrero, S.; Dujardin, G.; Cabrera-Andrade, A. et al. (2016). "Analysis and Implementation of an Electronic Laboratory Notebook in a Biomedical Research Institute". PLoS One 11 (8): e0160428. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160428. PMC PMC4968837. PMID 27479083. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968837. 
  16. ↑ Frey, J.G.; Milsted, A.; Michaelides, D. et al. (2013). "MyExperimentalScience, extending the ‘workflow’". Concurrency and Computation 25 (4): 481–496. doi:10.1002/cpe.2922. 
  17. ↑ Hall, M.L.; Vardar-Ulu, D. (2014). "An inquiry-based biochemistry laboratory structure emphasizing competency in the scientific process: A guided approach with an electronic notebook format". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 42 (1): 58-67. doi:10.1002/bmb.20769. PMID 24376181. 
  18. ↑ Johnston, J.; Kant, S.; Gysbers, V. et al. (2013). "Using an ePortfolio system as an electronic lab notebook in undergraduate biochemistry and molecular biology practical classes". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 42 (1): 50-57. doi:10.1002/bmb.20754. 
  19. ↑ Weibel, J.D. (2016). "Working toward a Paperless Undergraduate Physical Chemistry Teaching Laboratory". Journal of Chemical Education 93 (4): 781–784. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00585. 
  20. ↑ Kanare, H.M. (1985). Writing the Laboratory Notebook. American Chemical Society. pp. 150. ISBN 9780841209336. 
  21. ↑ Giles, J. (2012). "Going paperless: The digital lab". Nature 481 (7382): 430–1. doi:10.1038/481430a. PMID 22281576. 
  22. ↑ Butler, D. (2005). "Electronic notebooks: A new leaf". Nature 436 (7047): 20–1. doi:10.1038/436020a. PMID 16001034. 
  23. ↑ Pain, E. (26 July 2016). "Career advice highlights from the EuroScience Open Forum". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/07/career-advice-highlights-euroscience-open-forum. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to grammar, spelling, and presentation, including the addition of PMCID and DOI when they were missing from the original reference.

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