Test method

A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result.^[1] In order to ensure accurate and relevant test results, a test method should be "explicit, unambiguous, and experimentally feasible.",^[2] as well as effective^[3] and reproducible.^[4]

A test can be considered an observation or experiment that determines one or more characteristics of a given sample, product, process, or service. The purpose of testing involves a prior determination of expected observation and a comparison of that expectation to what one actually observes.^[5] The results of testing can be qualitative (yes/no), quantitative (a measured value), or categorical and can be derived from personal observation or the output of a precision measuring instrument.

Usually the test result is the dependent variable, the measured response based on the particular conditions of the test or the level of the independent variable. Some tests, however, may involve changing the independent variable to determine the level at which a certain response occurs: in this case, the test result is the independent variable.

Importance

In software development, engineering, science, manufacturing, and business, its developers, researchers, manufacturers, and related personnel must understand and agree upon methods of obtaining data and making measurements. It is common for a physical property to be strongly affected by the precise method of testing or measuring that property. As such, fully documenting experiments and measurements while providing needed documentation and descriptions of specifications, contracts, and test methods is vital.^[6]^[2]

Using a standardized test method, perhaps published by a respected standards organization, is a good place to start. Sometimes it is more useful to modify an existing test method or to develop a new one, though such home-grown test methods should be validated^[4] and, in certain cases, demonstrate technical equivalency to primary, standardized methods.^[6] Again, documentation and full disclosure are necessary.^[2]

A well-written test method is important. However, even more important is choosing a method of measuring the correct property or characteristic. Not all tests and measurements are equally useful: usually a test result is used to predict or imply suitability for a certain purpose.^[2]^[3] For example, if a manufactured item has several components, test methods may have several levels of connections:

test results of a raw material should connect with tests of a component made from that material
test results of a component should connect with performance testing of a complete item
results of laboratory performance testing should connect with field performance

These connections or correlations may be based on published literature, engineering studies, or formal programs such as quality function deployment. Validation of the suitability of the test method is often required.^[4]

Content

Quality management systems usually require full documentation of the procedures used in a test. The document for a test method might include:^[7]^[8]

descriptive title
scope over which class(es) of items, policies, etc. may be evaluated
date of last effective revision and revision designation
reference to most recent test method validation
person, office, or agency responsible for questions on the test method, updates, and deviations
significance or importance of the test method and its intended use
terminology and definitions to clarify the meanings of the test method
types of apparatus and measuring instrument (sometimes the specific device) required to conduct the test
sampling procedures (how samples are to be obtained and prepared, as well as the sample size)
safety precautions
required calibrations and metrology systems
natural environment concerns and considerations
testing environment concerns and considerations
detailed procedures for conducting the test
calculation and analysis of data
interpretation of data and test method output
report format, content, data, etc.

Validation

Test methods are often scrutinized for their validity, applicability, and accuracy. It is very important that the scope of the test method be clearly defined, and any aspect included in the scope is shown to be accurate and repeatable through validation.^[4]^[7]^[9]^[10]

Test method validations often encompass the following considerations:^[2]^[4]^[7]^[9]^[10]

accuracy and precision; demonstration of accuracy may require the creation of a reference value if none is yet available
repeatability and reproducibility, sometimes in the form of a Gauge R&R.
range, or a continuum scale over which the test method would be considered accurate (e.g., 10 N to 100 N force test)
measurement resolution, be it spatial, temporal, or otherwise
curve fitting, typically for linearity, which justifies interpolation between calibrated reference points
robustness, or the insensitivity to potentially subtle variables in the test environment or setup which may be difficult to control
usefulness to predict end-use characteristics and performance
measurement uncertainty
interlaboratory or round robin tests
other types of measurement systems analysis

References

^ "Form and Style for ASTM Standards". ASTM International. October 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Committee E-11 on Quality Control of Materials (1963). ASTM Manual for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study of a Test Method. American Society for Testing and Materials. p. 3. Retrieved 8 February 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Nigh, P.; Gattiker, A. (2000). "Test method evaluation experiments and data". Proceedings International Test Conference 2000 (IEEE Cat. No.00CH37159). Vol. 2000. pp. 454–463. doi:10.1109/TEST.2000.894237. ISBN 978-0-7803-6546-9. S2CID 41043200.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bridwell, H.; Dhingra, V.; Peckman, D.; et al. (2010). "Perspectives on Method Validation: Importance of Adequate Method Validation". The Quality Assurance Journal. 13 (3–4): 72–77. doi:10.1002/qaj.473.
^ "Glossary: S–Z". Understanding Science. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Why are these rest results so different?: The importance of testing methods in chemical and microbiological testing" (PDF). Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation. January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Snodgrass, B.; Grant, T.; McCallum, K.; et al. (26 July 2014). "ISO 17025 Accreditation/Quality Management Systems Panel Discussion" (PDF). Association of American Feed Control Officials. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ Higgins, C. (2009). "Test Design and Documentation" (PPT). University of Nottingham. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Test Method, Validation and Verification of Methods: APHL Quality Management System (QMS) Competency Guidelines" (PDF). Association of Public Health Laboratories. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b Office of Regulatory Science (12 May 2014). "5.4 Test Methods and Method Validation" (PDF). Laboratory Manual Of Quality Policies For ORA Regulatory Laboratories: Volume 1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 8 February 2018.

General references, books

Pyzdek, T, "Quality Engineering Handbook", 2003, ISBN 0-8247-4614-7
Godfrey, A. B., "Juran's Quality Handbook", 1999, ISBN 007034003X
Kimothi, S. K., "The Uncertainty of Measurements: Physical and Chemical Metrology: Impact and Analysis", 2002, ISBN 0-87389-535-5

Related standards

ASTM E177 Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
ASTM E691 Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ASTM E1488 Standard Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test Methods
ASTM E2282 Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
ASTM E2655 - Standard Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results and Use of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM Test Methods