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| <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> | | <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> |
| [[File:Failed Concrete Cylinder.jpg|right|350px]]
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| '''Title''': ''What is the importance of a construction and engineering laboratory to society?''
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': November 2023
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| ===Construction and geotechnical testing===
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| From concrete and asphalt to construction site substrates like clay and rock, the proper quality and characterization of construction and engineering materials is critical to a construction project's long-term success. The importance of perfecting and using quality construction materials dates back millennia, for example to the Romans and their refinement of concrete recipes and production using pozzolanic and quicklime materials.<ref name="ChandlerRiddle23">{{cite web |url=https://news.mit.edu/2023/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106 |title=Riddle solved: Why was Roman concrete so durable? |author=Chandler, D.L. |work=MIT News |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=06 January 2023 |accessdate=15 November 2023}}</ref> Even today, we learn that some sand types such as desert sand are inadequate for direct use in modern concrete due to their negative contribution to the necessary compressive strength of the concrete.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Mohammad Nadeem |last2=Jameel |first2=Mohammed |last3=Ibrahim |first3=Zainah |last4=Muhamad Bunnori |first4=N. |last5=Bani-Hani |first5=Khaldoon A. |date=2023-06 |title=Development of sustainable modified sand concrete: An experimental study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2090447923002204 |journal=Ain Shams Engineering Journal |language=en |pages=102331 |doi=10.1016/j.asej.2023.102331}}</ref> Should a contractor attempt a financial shortcut by using cheaper, less appropriate sand in their concrete mixes, future maintenance costs may go up at the least, or lives may be lost in a structural collapse at the worst.
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| Similarly, what is found and to be put under a construction site is also important. In this case, a sub-branch of materials testing is introduced in the form of geotechnical testing (or geotechnical investigation). With this kind of testing, the soil and rock is examined for load-bearing and seismic (i.e., engineering) properties to ensure any proposed structure can securely and durationally last over a specified period of time.<ref name="PatelGeo19">{{Citation |last=Patel |first=Anjan |date=2019 |title=Geotechnical investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128170489000093 |work=Geotechnical Investigations and Improvement of Ground Conditions |language=en |publisher=Elsevier |pages=87–155 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-817048-9.00009-3 |isbn=978-0-12-817048-9 |accessdate=2023-11-15}}</ref> Geotechnical engineers examine soil and rock mechanics, soil-structure interactions, geomechanics, ground improvement strategies, and various stabilities, as well as characterize geomaterials with laboratory and ''in situ'' sampling and analysis.<ref name="UoDGeotech22">{{cite web |url=https://ce.udel.edu/research/research-overview/geotechnical/ |title=Geotechnical |publisher=University of Delaware |date=2022 |accessdate=15 November 2023}}</ref>
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| In both construction materials testing and geotechnical testing, a wide variety of physical, chemical, geological, and physics-based examinations take place before and during construction projects as a matter of good industry practices, as well as due to regulatory requirements. As with many other industries, the human and monetary losses from construction and engineering failures—accidental and malicious—has driven regulators at the federal, state, and local level to put testing requirements in place to better ensure human safety and improve the overall construction industry. This is discussed in greater detail in the next section.
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| ===Why is laboratory testing of construction and earth materials important to modern society?===
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| In 2022, industry veteran Robert C. Rabeler published his findings regarding 10 geotechnical failure cases, including causes and lessons learned. In that work. Rabeler noted that failures typically occurred "due to poor understanding of the risks involved, a lack of proper geotechnical engineering involvement, poor communication, and a tendency to not spend enough resources to complete a thorough design."<ref name="RabelerGeo22">{{Cite journal |last=Rabeler |first=Robert C. |date=2022-03-17 |title=Geotechnical Failure Case Studies—Lessons Learned |url=http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784484036.031 |journal=Geo-Congress 2022 |language=en |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |place=Charlotte, North Carolina |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1061/9780784484036.031 |isbn=978-0-7844-8403-6}}</ref> He added that the risks of geotechnical failure (such as loss of life and investment) could have been limited through retaining the most knowledgeable and well-trained geotechnical services, being willing to pay for such services, and ensuring those engineers are actively involved with design and construction efforts.<ref name="RabelerGeo22" />
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| In the case of geotechnical investigation, costs for ground improvement and overall construction can be reduced, as can the chance for future disputes, with proper laboratory and ''in situ''' testing.<ref name="PatelGeo19" />
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| ==Conclusion==
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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