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| <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div>
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| [[File:Lords Institute Of Engineering And Technology-Machines Lab (1).jpg|right|350px]]
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| '''Title''': ''What are the key elements of a LIMS for construction and engineering?''
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': December 2023
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| ===Introduction===
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| Like many other industries dealing with large amounts of scientific data and a wide variety of test methods, construction and engineering [[Laboratory|laboratories]] often turn to [[laboratory information management system]]s (LIMS) to not only better manage the data but also manage a wide variety of laboratory activities, while also attempting to meet regulatory and accreditation requirements. These [[laboratory informatics]] systems provide a wide range of features to meet most lab's needs. That said, the construction and engineering (i.e., geotechnical) lab has its own intricacies such that a generic LIMS may not meet all the lab's needs. For example, 3D modeling of soil and rock substrates on a construction site may be necessary as part of geotechnical investigation, and if this functionality is offered in the lab's LIMS, then all the better.
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| This brief topical article will examine the typical construction and engineering lab and a base set of LIMS functionality (i.e., system requirements) that is critical to fulfilling the information management and workflow requirements of this lab type. Additional unique requirements will also be briefly discussed.
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| '''Note''': Any citation leading to a software vendor's site is not to be considered a recommendation for that vendor. The citation should however still stand as a representational example of what vendors are implementing in their systems.
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| ===Base LIMS requirements for construction and engineering labs===
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| Like other labs, it will be imperative for construction and engineering labs to find a solution that meets all or most of its workflow requirements. These requirements are often driven by [[LIMS FAQ:What types of testing occur within a construction and engineering laboratory?|standardized test methods]], in turn driven by [[LIMS FAQ:What standards and regulations affect a construction and engineering laboratory?|regulations and accreditation requirements]]. This requires a pre-configured and future-configurable solution that enables trained users to quickly select and use standardized test methods and forms, and make the changes they need to those methods and forms if those changes make sense within the overall data structure of the LIMS.
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| What follows is a list of system basic functionality important to most any construction and engineering laboratory, with a majority of that functionality found in many vendor software solutions.<ref name="AgileGeotech">{{cite web |url=https://www.agileframeworks.com/who-we-serve/geotechnical-engineering-software/ |title=Geotechnical Engineering Software |publisher=Agile Frameworks, LLC |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="AgileConstruct">{{cite web |url=https://www.agileframeworks.com/who-we-serve/construction-materials-testing-software/ |title=Construction Materials Testing Software |publisher=Agile Frameworks, LLC |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="BassettiMaterials">{{cite web |url=https://www.bassetti-group.com/teexma-teexma-for-materials-data-data-base-analysis-environmental-environmental-compliance-smart-material/?lang=en |title=TEEXMA for Materials |publisher=Bassetti France SAS |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="BassettiLIMS">{{cite web |url=https://www.bassetti-group.com/teexma-for-lims-teexma-for-lims-eln-qualitycontrol-quality-control-mes-lab-digitize-streamlin/?lang=en |title=TEEXMA for LIMS |publisher=Bassetti France SAS |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="BentleyKeyLAB">{{cite web |url=https://www.bentley.com/software/keylab/ |title=KeyLAB |publisher=Bentley Systems, Inc |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bentley_gINT">{{cite web |url=https://virtuosity.bentley.com/product/gint/ |title=gINT |publisher=Bentley Systems, Inc |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="ForneyVault">{{cite web |url=https://forneyvault.com/how-it-works/ |title=ForneyVault - How it Works |publisher=Forney, LP |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="MciCivil">{{cite web |url=https://www.mci-it.co.za/civil-engineering-materials-and-environmental |title=Civil Engineering Materials and Environmental Laboratories |publisher=Mci IT Pty. Ltd |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="SpectraQESTLab">{{cite web |url=https://www.spectraqest.com/lab-operations-overview/ |title=QESTLab |publisher=Spectra QEST Australia Pty. Ltd |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="ElmtreeSystem">{{cite web |url=https://www.elmtreesystem.com/ |title=Elmtree System |publisher=ElmTree Systems, LLC |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="ElmtreeSystemCMT">{{cite web |url=https://www.elmtreesystem.com/construction-materials-testing-software/ |title=Elmtree System - Workflow |publisher=ElmTree Systems, LLC |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="eFDLabInfo">{{cite web |url=https://efielddata.com/lab-management-software.html |title=Lab Information Management System (LIMS) |publisher=eFieldData |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="LastradaHome">{{cite web |url=https://www.lastradapartners.com/ |title=LASTRADA Partners |publisher=LASTRADA Partners |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="LastradaJPSCLIMS">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpsc.de/en/lastrada/modules/management-modules-lims.php?lang=EN |title=LASTRADA Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) Software Modules |publisher=Dr. Jung & Partner Software & Consulting AG |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="GEDatgel">{{cite web |url=https://www.geoengineer.org/software/datgel-lab-tool |title=Datgel Lab Tool |work=GeoEngineer.org |publisher=Argo-E Group |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="GTGeotester">{{cite web |url=https://www.geotester.com/ |title=Geotester - Construction Materials Testing Laboratory Information Management System |publisher=GeoTester Technologies Pty. Ltd |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="MezintelBreaktest">{{cite web |url=https://www.mezintel.com/construction-materials-testing.html |title=Breaktest |publisher=Mezintel |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="LiangLab10">{{cite web |url=https://www.marshall.edu/cegas/geohazards/2010pdf/presentations/Session2/3_GEO-LIMS_presentation_revised_8-2-2010.pdf |format=PDF |title=Laboratory Data Management System for Soil, Rock and Water |author=Liang, R.Y.; Feng, F.; Beach, K. et al. |publisher=Marshall University |date=02 August 2010 |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="IconFeatures">{{cite web |url=https://icon-computers.in/i-lims/features/ |title=i-LIMS Features |publisher=Icon Computers |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="IconPDF">{{cite web |url=https://icon-computers.in/i-lims/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/I-lims-Broucher.pdf |format=PDF |title=i-LIMS Laboratory Information Management System |publisher=Icon Computers |date=May 2015 |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Gretchen |last2=Ragland |first2=Jared |last3=Trautt |first3=Zachary |last4=Lau |first4=June |last5=Plante |first5=Raymond |last6=Taillon |first6=Joshua |last7=Creuziger |first7=Adam |last8=Becker |first8=Chandler |last9=Bennett |first9=Joseph |last10=Blonder |first10=Niksa |last11=Borsuk |first11=Lisa |date=2022-04-11 |title=A roadmap for LIMS at NIST Material Measurement Laboratory |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/TechnicalNotes/NIST.TN.2216.pdf |place=Gaithersburg, MD |pages=NIST TN 2216 |doi=10.6028/nist.tn.2216}}</ref><ref name="MeegodaLab08">{{Cite web |last=Meegoda, J.N.; Tang, C. |date=April 2008 |title=FHWA-NJ-2004-010 Laboratory Information Management System - Final Report |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/884306 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Transportation}}</ref>
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| '''Test, sample and result management'''
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| *Sample log-in and management, with support for unique IDs
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| *Sample batching
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| *[[Barcode]] and RFID support
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| *End-to-end sample and inventory tracking
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| *Pre-defined and configurable industry-specific test and method management for a variety of physical, mechanical, and chemical analyses, including for site investigations, conventional drilling, soil testing, and ''in-situ'' analysis
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| *Pre-defined and configurable industry-specific workflows
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| *Configurable screens and data fields
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| *Specification management
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| *Test, sampling, instrument, etc. scheduling and assignment
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| *Test requesting
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| *Data import, export, and archiving
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| *Robust query tools
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| *Analytical tools, including [[data visualization]], statistical analysis, and [[data mining]] tools
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| *Document and image management
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| *Project management
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| *Facility and sampling site management
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| *Storage management and monitoring
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| '''Quality, security, and compliance'''
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| *[[Quality assurance]] / [[quality control]] mechanisms
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| *Mechanisms for compliance with ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 9000, AASHTO, ASTM, and state DOT requirements
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| *Result, method, protocol, batch, and material validation, review, and release
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| *Data validation
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| *Trend and control charting for statistical analysis and measurement of uncertainty
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| *User qualification, performance, and training management
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| *[[Audit trail]]s and [[chain of custody]] support
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| *Configurable and granular role-based security
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| *Configurable system access and use (i.e., authentication requirements, account usage rules, account locking, etc.)
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| *[[Electronic signature]] support
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| *Data [[encryption]] and secure communication protocols
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| *Archiving and [[Data retention|retention]] of data and information
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| *Configurable data [[backup]]s
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| *Status updates and alerts
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| *Incident and non-conformance notification, tracking, and management
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| '''Operations management and reporting'''
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| *Configurable dashboards for monitoring, by material, process, facility, etc.
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| *Customizable rich-text reporting, with multiple supported output formats
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| *Custom and industry-specific reporting, including certificates of analysis (CoAs)
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| *Email integration
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| *Instrument interfacing and data management
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| *Third-party software interfacing (e.g., [[scientific data management system]] [SDMS], other databases)
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| *Data import, export, and archiving
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| *Instrument calibration and maintenance tracking
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| *Inventory and material management
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| *Supplier/vendor/customer management
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| *Customer portal
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| ===Specialty LIMS requirements===
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| Some laboratory informatics software vendors are addressing construction and engineering laboratories' needs beyond the features of a basic all-purpose LIMS. A standard LIMS tailored for the construction materials testing and geotechnical testing industries may already contribute to some of these wider organizational functions, as well as more advanced laboratory workflow requirements, but many may not, or may vary in what additional functionality they provide. In that regard, a construction and engineering LIMS vendor may also include specialized functionality that assists these labs. This includes the provision of:
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| * '''A pre-defined library of materials specifications''': Given the wide variety of materials tested by these labs, a built-in materials library that can be referenced throughout the LIMS will have some utility. The reality may be that this feature is more useful for those labs conducting research and development (R&D) on new construction materials. However, some analytical and quality testing labs may also find access to such a library useful, particularly if any built-in or customizable test methods can also be linked to specific materials in the library.<ref name="MFLIMSAbout">{{cite web |url=https://www.agileframeworks.com/metafield/laboratory-information-management-system-lims/ |title=Lab Information Management System (LIMS) |publisher=Agile Frameworks, LLC |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref>
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| *'''Integrative support for third-party materials databases''': A variety of third-party materials databases—e.g., from Senvol, MMPDS (Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization), and JAHM Software—provide extra value to many construction and engineering labs. The ability of the LIMS to support connections to and importing of data from these databases extends the value of those databases.<ref name="BassettiMaterials" />
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| *'''Tools for recipe, mix, and blend design and management''': Some construction materials such as asphalt, aggregate, and concrete can be created and modified in numerous ways dependent on the specific application. Some LIMS vendors recognize this, adding tools that allow these materials to be designed, optimized, and analyzed directly from the LIMS.<ref name="LastradaHome" />
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| *'''Granularity in sample types''': Simply referring to materials as "soil" or "asphalt" within the LIMS may not provide sufficient flexibility for a construction and engineering laboratory. For example, it may not be enough to indicate that a sample material is "soil," with the lab needing further granularity in the system to indicate whether the soil sample was from disturbed or undisturbed substrate.<ref name="LiangLab10" /> The LIMS should provide enough flexibility to document more granular sample types within the system.
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| *'''Pre-built and configurable lab test forms (i.e., worksheets) and reporting templates''': Conformance to regulations and accrediting bodies is a significant concern for these types of laboratories. From state departments of transportation (DoTs) to ASTM, AASHTO, and other industry governing organizations, specific formats are often required for lab test methods and their associated reports. A thorough LIMS vendor catering to construction and engineering labs will include pre-built, customizable templates for properly recording and reporting all analytical results for stakeholders.<ref name="SpectraQESTLab" /><ref name="MeegodaLab08" /><ref name="AgileForms">{{cite web |url=https://www.agileframeworks.com/forms-library/ |title=Forms Library |publisher=Agile Frameworks, LLC |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref> This includes forms for industry-specific activities, such as break sheets for daily completed break tests of concrete cylinders.<ref name="ElmtreeSystem" /><ref name="CCRLRemote">{{cite web |url=http://www.ccrl.us/Lip/PreInspection/Checklist%20for%20Remote%20Concrete,%20Aggregate%20Inspection.pdf |format=PDF |title=Remote Concrete, Aggregate, and Quality Systems Inspection Checklist |publisher=Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref>
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| *'''Robust web-based support for mobile use of the LIMS''': Laboratories performing geotechnical testing in particular are often doing sample collection and analysis directly in the field. For these labs, it's simply not enough to have a stable desktop experience; they need a stable and optimized mobile experience for field data collection, uploading of that data, and reviewing any associated analyses and reports. In cases where internet access is available in the field, the mobile-friendly LIMS will near-seamlessly allow for uploading and synchronizing collected field data within the LIMS, allowing real-time access to that data to whoever requires it, regardless of location.<ref name="AgileGeotech" /><ref name="AgileConstruct" /> Should internet access not be available in the field, the mobile version could prompt the user for upload when such access is regained. Secondarily, this highlights the value of a web-based (or even cloud-based) LIMS for these types of labs, which operate across a multitude of facilities and field sites.
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| *'''Dispatch and in-process management''': Again, testing in these labs often goes beyond the walls of the laboratory proper. Scheduling analyses in the lab to specific analysts is one thing, but the need for scheduling and organizing the dispatch of qualified field technicians adds further complexity. Reviewing this in-process field work is just as important as reviewing in-process lab-based work. A quality construction and engineering LIMS will include dispatch management of field technicians, while being able to visualize availability of said technicians based on their workloads, as well as their in-process work statuses.<ref name="AgileConstruct" />
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| *'''Robust document management''': Whether in the field or in the lab, appropriate documentation is vital to the workflow of the construction and engineering laboratory. The system should support the attachment of photos, calibration records of field test equipment, analytical readings, diagrams, 3D models, and more to other documents in the system.<ref name="AgileGeotech" /><ref name="AgileConstruct" />
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| *'''Support for industry-specific data formats''': In some cases, industry-specific data formats arise within a given industry, and the construction and engineering world is no different. The LIMS should be able to support industry-specific data formats such .ags text files, a standardized data format maintained by the Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists.<ref name="BentleyKeyLAB" /><ref name="Bentley_gINT" /><ref name="AGSDataFormat">{{cite web |url=https://www.ags.org.uk/data-format/ |title=AGS Data Format |publisher=Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref>
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| *'''Robust support for sample disposition''': Construction and engineering materials—particularly those collected in the field—may, after analysis, require special attention, i.e., need to be treated as regulated waste. Some chemical, biological, or radioactive component may reside in the materials, necessitating not only proper lab safety during check-in and analysis but also appropriate disposal per federal and state regulations.<ref name="EPALaEnv10">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/lesdid.pdf |format=PDF |title=Laboratory Environmental Sample Disposal Information Document |author=Office of Research and Development |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency |date=October 2010 |accessdate=01 December 2023}}</ref> The LIMS should be able to support special case samples and their disposal to better ensure the lab complies with relevant regulations, for example providing alerts to appropriate individuals about the special status of the sample before the disposition process begins.<ref name="IconPDF" />
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| *'''3D modeling and analysis tools''': While not common, some LIMS providers may offer specific 3D visualization tools to allow geotechnical labs to better model and analyze subsurface data as part of their geotechnical investigation process.<ref name="Bentley_gINT" />
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| ==Conclusion==
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| Construction and engineering materials testing can involve a multitude of test methods defined by a wide variety of accreditation and regulation requirements. A laboratory information management system (LIMS) can prove critical to better managing data and workflows associated with these labs. Many LIMS vendors will already provide for a majority of what these labs needs, including support for unique sample IDs, user qualification management, and data import and export. However, these labs may require more functionality specific to their industry, such as support for libraries of materials specifications, dispatch management, and 3D modeling tools. This FAQ examined the LIMS functionality most valuable to a construction and engineering laboratory, including specialty functionality that not all LIMS vendors may provide.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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