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At casual glance, one might be led to believe these three deployment models aren't all that different. However, there are some core differences to point out, which may affect an organization's deployment strategy significantly. As Table 2 notes:
Cloud computing is built on a wide array of technologies and utilities, including many built on the open source paradigm. According to the Open Source Initiative, open-source software, hardware, etc. is open-source not only because of its implied open access to how it's constructed (e.g., source code, schematics) but also for a number of other reasons<ref name="OSITheOpen07">{{cite web |url=https://opensource.org/osd |title=The Open Source Definition, Version 1.9 |publisher=Open Source Initiative |date=03 June 2007 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>:


* Hybrid cloud takes private cloud and public cloud models (as well as an organization's local infrastructure) and tightly integrates them. This indicates a wide mix of computing services is being used in an integrated fashion to create value.<ref name="CFWhatIsHybrid">{{cite web |url=https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/cloud/what-is-hybrid-cloud/ |title=What Is Hybrid Cloud? Hybrid Cloud Definition |publisher=Cloudflare, Inc |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="HurwitzWhat21">{{cite web |url=https://www.dummies.com/programming/cloud-computing/hybrid-cloud/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing/ |title=What is Hybrid Cloud Computing? |work=Dummies.com |author=Hurwitz, J.S.; Kaufman, M.; Halper, F. et al. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |date=2021 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>
* It should be without restriction in how it is "distributed" or used within an aggregate software distribution of many components.
* Multicloud takes the concept of public cloud and multiplies it. This indicates that two or more public clouds are being used, without a private cloud to muddy the integration.<ref name="CFWhatIsMulti">{{cite web |url=https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/cloud/what-is-multicloud/ |title=What Is Multicloud? Multicloud Definition |publisher=Cloudflare, Inc |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>
* It should allow derivatives and modifications under the same terms as the original license, and that license should be portable with the derived or modified item.
* Distributed cloud takes public cloud and expands it to multiple edge locations. This indicates that a public cloud service's resources are strategically dispersed in locations as required by the user, while remaining accessible from and complementary to the user's private cloud or on-premises data center.<ref name="CostelloTheCIO20">{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/the-cios-guide-to-distributed-cloud/ |title=The CIO’s Guide to Distributed Cloud |author=Costello, K. |work=Smarter With Gartner |date=12 August 2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="SPWhatIs21">{{cite web |url=https://www.stackpath.com/edge-academy/distributed-cloud-computing/ |title=What is Distributed Cloud Computing? |work=Edge Academy |publisher=StackPath |date=2021 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>
* It should permit distribution of software, hardware, etc. built from modified source code or schematics.
* It should be without restriction in what person, organization, business, etc. is permitted to use it.
* Its license should not place restrictions on other software or hardware schematics distributed with the original item.
* Its license should not place technology-specific restriction on how the item is implemented.


As such, an organization's existing infrastructure and business demands, combined with its aspirations for moving into the cloud, will dictate their deployment model. But there are also advantages and disadvantages to each which may further dictate an organization's deployment decision. First, all three models provide some level of redundancy. If a failure occurs in one computing core (be it public, private, or local), another core can ideally provide backup services to fill the gap. However, each model does this in a slightly different way. In a similar way, if additional compute resources are required due to a spike in demand, each model can ramp up resources to smooth the demand spike. Hybrid and distributed clouds also have the benefit of making any future transition to a purely public cloud (be it singular or multi-) easier as part of an organization's processes and data are already found in public cloud.  
Licenses vary widely from product to product, but broadly speaking, this all means if a commercial venture wants to run a significant chunk of its cloud operations on open-source technologies, it should be able to do so, as long as all license requirements are met. This same principle can be seen in early pushes for "open cloud," which emphasizes the need for "interoperability and portability across different clouds" through principles similar to the Open Source Initiative.<ref name="OlavsrudWhyOpen12">{{cite web |url=https://www.cio.com/article/2397213/why-open-source-is-the-key-to-cloud-innovation.html |title=Why Open Source Is the Key to Cloud Innovation |author=Olavsrud, T. |work=CIO |date=13 April 2012 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>


Beyond these benefits, things diverge a bit. While hybrid clouds provide flexibility to maintain sensitive data in a private cloud or on-site, where security can be more tightly controlled, private clouds are resource-intensive to maintain. Additionally, due to the complexity of integrating that private cloud with all other resources, the hybrid cloud reveals a greater attack surface, complicates security protocols, and raises integration costs.<ref name="CFWhatIsHybrid" /> Multicloud has the benefit of reducing vendor lock-in (discussed later in this guide) by implementing resource utilization and storage across more than one public cloud provider. Should a need to migrate away from one vendor arrive, it's easier to continue critical services with the other public cloud vendor. This also lends to "shopping around" for public cloud services as costs lower and offerings change. However, this multicloud approach brings with it its own integration challenges, including differences in technologies between vendors, latency complexities between the services, increased points of attack with more integrations, and load balancing issues between the services.<ref name="CFWhatIsMulti" /> A distributed cloud model removes some of that latency and makes it easier to manage integrations and reduce network failure risks from one control center. It also benefits organizations requiring localized data storage due to regulations. However, with multiple servers being involved, it makes it a bit more difficult to troubleshoot integration and network issues across hardware and software. Additionally, implementation costs are likely to be higher, and security for replicated data across multiple locations becomes more complex and risky.<ref name="CostelloTheCIO20" /><ref name="EntradasoftWhatIs20">{{cite web |url=http://entradasoft.com/blogs/what-is-distributed-cloud |title=What is Distributed Cloud |publisher=Entradasoft |date=2000 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>
One need look no further than to Linux, a family of open-source operating systems, to discover how open-source solutions have gained prevalence in cloud computing and other enterprises. More than 95 percent of the top one million web domains are served up using Linux-based servers.<ref name="PriceTheTrue18">{{cite web |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/linux-market-share/ |title=The True Market Shares of Windows vs. Linux Compared |author=Price, D. |work=MakeUseOf |date=27 March 2018 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> In 2019, 96.3 percent of the top one billion enterprise business servers were running on Linux.<ref name="FBILinux20">{{cite web |url=https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/linux-operating-system-market-103037 |title=Linux Operating System Market Size, Share & Covid-19 Impact Analysis, By Distribution (Virtual Machines, Servers and Desktops), By End-use (Commercial/Enterprise and Individual), and Regional Forecast, 2020-2027 |publisher=Fortune Business Insights |date=June 2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> And Canonical's open-source Ubuntu Linux distribution has garnered a growing reputation in cloud computing and other enterprise scenarios due to its focus on security.<ref name="BurtLocking20">{{cite web |url=https://www.nextplatform.com/2020/04/23/locking-down-linux-for-the-enterprise/ |title=Locking Down Linux for the Enterprise |author=Burt, J. |work=The Next Platform |date=23 April 2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>


In fact, Microsoft shifted its formerly anti-Linux stance in the mid-2010s to a stronger embrace of the open-source OS. In 2014, it began offering several Linux distributions in its Azure public cloud platform and infrastructure and announced it would make server-side .NET open-source, while also adding Linux support to its SQL Server and joining the Linux Foundation in 2016.<ref name="OlavsrudMicrosoft16">{{cite web |url=https://www.cio.com/article/3143653/microsoft-embraces-open-source-in-the-cloud-and-on-premises.html |title=Microsoft embraces open source in the cloud and on-premises |author=Olavsrud, T. |work=CIO |date=21 November 2016 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="IbanezMicro14">{{cite web |url=https://opensource.com/business/14/11/microsoft-dot-net-empower-open-source-communities |title=Microsoft gets on board with open source |author=Ibanez, L. |work=OpenSource.com |date=19 November 2014 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="BranscombeWhat20">{{cite web |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/what-is-microsoft-doing-with-linux-everything-you-need-to-know-about-its-plans-for-open-source/ |title=What is Microsoft doing with Linux? Everything you need to know about its plans for open source |author=Branscombe, M. |work=TechRepublic |date=02 December 2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> Why the philosophy change? As Microsoft's Database Systems Manager Rohan Kumar put it in 2016: "In the messy, real world of enterprise IT, hybrid shops are the norm and customers don't need or want vendors to force their hands when it comes to operating systems. Serving these customers means giving them flexibility."<ref name="OlavsrudMicrosoft16" /> That flexibility expanded to open sourcing SONiC, its network operating system, in 2017 and PowerShell, it's task automation and configuration tool, in 2018. Microsoft's Teams client was made available for Linux in 2019<ref name="BranscombeWhat20" />, and other elements of Microsoft Windows continue to see increased compatibility with Linux distributions such as Ubuntu.<ref name="BarnesNoMicro20">{{cite web |url=https://boxofcables.dev/no-microsoft-is-not-rebasing-windows-to-linux/ |title=No, Microsoft is not rebasing Windows to Linux |author=Barnes, H. |work=Box of Cables |date=11 October 2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref>
Others in Big Tech have also made contributions to open-source cloud-based technologies. Take for example Kubernetes, originally a Google project that eventually was open-sourced in 2014.<ref name="MetzGoogle14">{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/06/google-kubernetes/ |title=Google Open Sources Its Secret Weapon in Cloud Computing |author=Metz, C. |work=Wired |date=18 June 2014 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> The open-source container management tool soon after was donated to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) run by the Linux Foundation, "to help facilitate collaboration among developers and operators on common technologies for deploying cloud native applications and services."<ref name="LardinoisAsKub15">{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/21/as-kubernetes-hits-1-0-google-donates-technology-to-newly-formed-cloud-native-computing-foundation-with-ibm-intel-twitter-and-others/ |title=As Kubernetes Hits 1.0, Google Donates Technology To Newly Formed Cloud Native Computing Foundation |author=Lardinois, F. |work=Tech Crunch |date=21 July 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> Since then, Kubernetes has become an integral part of many a cloud infrastructure due to its ability to provide lightweight, portable containerization—a complete runtime environment—to a bundle of applications run in the cloud. The software also manages resource scaling for applications, manages underlying infrastructure deployment, and allows for automatically mounting local and cloud storages.<ref name="TLFKubernetesAbout21">{{cite web |url=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/what-is-kubernetes/ |title=What is Kubernetes? |author=The Linux Foundation |date=01 February 2021 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> The open-source nature of the code also allows an organization's developers to review Kubernetes’ code to ensure it's meeting security policies and regulations, as well as make their own tweaks as needed.<ref name="SarrelWhyCloud20">{{cite web |url=https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/why-cloud-native-open-source-kubernetes-matters-2002.html |title=Why cloud-native open source Kubernetes matters |author=Sarrel, M. |work=enterprise.nxt |publisher=Hewlett Packard Enterprise |date=04 February 2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> Writing for Hewlett Packard in 2020, entrepreneur Matt Sarrel estimated that some 70 to 85 percent of containerized applications are doing it on top of some version of Kubernetes.<ref name="SarrelWhyCloud20" />
Finally, other open-source software tools complement cloud computing efforts. For example, applications like Apache CloudStack, Cloudify, ManageIQ, and OpenStack put open-source cloud management in the hands of a cloud-ops team.<ref name="LinthicumFour20">{{cite web |url=https://techbeacon.com/enterprise-it/4-essential-open-source-tools-cloud-management |title=4 essential open-source tools for cloud management |author=Linthicum, D. |work=TechBeacon |date=2020 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> Eucalyptus is "open-source software for building AWS-compatible private and hybrid clouds."<ref name="EucHome">{{cite web |url=https://www.eucalyptus.cloud/ |title=Eucalyptus |publisher=Appscale Systems |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> Keylime is a security tool that allows users "to check for themselves that the cloud storing their data is as secure as the cloud computer owners say it is."<ref name="MillarLab19">{{cite web |url=https://www.ll.mit.edu/news/laboratory-staff-develop-new-cybersecurity-solutions-cloud-computing |title=Laboratory staff develop new cybersecurity solutions for cloud computing |author=Millar, M. |publisher=Lincoln Laboratory - MIT |date=27 August 2019 |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> And the OpenStack project, with its collection of software components enabling cloud infrastructure, can't be forgotten.<ref name="OpenStack">{{cite web |url=https://www.openstack.org/ |title=OpenStack |publisher=Open Infrastructure Foundation |accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> These and other open-source tools continue to drive how cloud computing is implemented, managed, and monitored, while highlighting the importance of the open source paradigm to cloud computing.


==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

Revision as of 18:46, 21 August 2021

Cloud computing is built on a wide array of technologies and utilities, including many built on the open source paradigm. According to the Open Source Initiative, open-source software, hardware, etc. is open-source not only because of its implied open access to how it's constructed (e.g., source code, schematics) but also for a number of other reasons[1]:

  • It should be without restriction in how it is "distributed" or used within an aggregate software distribution of many components.
  • It should allow derivatives and modifications under the same terms as the original license, and that license should be portable with the derived or modified item.
  • It should permit distribution of software, hardware, etc. built from modified source code or schematics.
  • It should be without restriction in what person, organization, business, etc. is permitted to use it.
  • Its license should not place restrictions on other software or hardware schematics distributed with the original item.
  • Its license should not place technology-specific restriction on how the item is implemented.

Licenses vary widely from product to product, but broadly speaking, this all means if a commercial venture wants to run a significant chunk of its cloud operations on open-source technologies, it should be able to do so, as long as all license requirements are met. This same principle can be seen in early pushes for "open cloud," which emphasizes the need for "interoperability and portability across different clouds" through principles similar to the Open Source Initiative.[2]

One need look no further than to Linux, a family of open-source operating systems, to discover how open-source solutions have gained prevalence in cloud computing and other enterprises. More than 95 percent of the top one million web domains are served up using Linux-based servers.[3] In 2019, 96.3 percent of the top one billion enterprise business servers were running on Linux.[4] And Canonical's open-source Ubuntu Linux distribution has garnered a growing reputation in cloud computing and other enterprise scenarios due to its focus on security.[5]

In fact, Microsoft shifted its formerly anti-Linux stance in the mid-2010s to a stronger embrace of the open-source OS. In 2014, it began offering several Linux distributions in its Azure public cloud platform and infrastructure and announced it would make server-side .NET open-source, while also adding Linux support to its SQL Server and joining the Linux Foundation in 2016.[6][7][8] Why the philosophy change? As Microsoft's Database Systems Manager Rohan Kumar put it in 2016: "In the messy, real world of enterprise IT, hybrid shops are the norm and customers don't need or want vendors to force their hands when it comes to operating systems. Serving these customers means giving them flexibility."[6] That flexibility expanded to open sourcing SONiC, its network operating system, in 2017 and PowerShell, it's task automation and configuration tool, in 2018. Microsoft's Teams client was made available for Linux in 2019[8], and other elements of Microsoft Windows continue to see increased compatibility with Linux distributions such as Ubuntu.[9]

Others in Big Tech have also made contributions to open-source cloud-based technologies. Take for example Kubernetes, originally a Google project that eventually was open-sourced in 2014.[10] The open-source container management tool soon after was donated to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) run by the Linux Foundation, "to help facilitate collaboration among developers and operators on common technologies for deploying cloud native applications and services."[11] Since then, Kubernetes has become an integral part of many a cloud infrastructure due to its ability to provide lightweight, portable containerization—a complete runtime environment—to a bundle of applications run in the cloud. The software also manages resource scaling for applications, manages underlying infrastructure deployment, and allows for automatically mounting local and cloud storages.[12] The open-source nature of the code also allows an organization's developers to review Kubernetes’ code to ensure it's meeting security policies and regulations, as well as make their own tweaks as needed.[13] Writing for Hewlett Packard in 2020, entrepreneur Matt Sarrel estimated that some 70 to 85 percent of containerized applications are doing it on top of some version of Kubernetes.[13]

Finally, other open-source software tools complement cloud computing efforts. For example, applications like Apache CloudStack, Cloudify, ManageIQ, and OpenStack put open-source cloud management in the hands of a cloud-ops team.[14] Eucalyptus is "open-source software for building AWS-compatible private and hybrid clouds."[15] Keylime is a security tool that allows users "to check for themselves that the cloud storing their data is as secure as the cloud computer owners say it is."[16] And the OpenStack project, with its collection of software components enabling cloud infrastructure, can't be forgotten.[17] These and other open-source tools continue to drive how cloud computing is implemented, managed, and monitored, while highlighting the importance of the open source paradigm to cloud computing.

References

  1. ↑ "The Open Source Definition, Version 1.9". Open Source Initiative. 3 June 2007. https://opensource.org/osd. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  2. ↑ Olavsrud, T. (13 April 2012). "Why Open Source Is the Key to Cloud Innovation". CIO. https://www.cio.com/article/2397213/why-open-source-is-the-key-to-cloud-innovation.html. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  3. ↑ Price, D. (27 March 2018). "The True Market Shares of Windows vs. Linux Compared". MakeUseOf. https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/linux-market-share/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  4. ↑ "Linux Operating System Market Size, Share & Covid-19 Impact Analysis, By Distribution (Virtual Machines, Servers and Desktops), By End-use (Commercial/Enterprise and Individual), and Regional Forecast, 2020-2027". Fortune Business Insights. June 2020. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/linux-operating-system-market-103037. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  5. ↑ Burt, J. (23 April 2020). "Locking Down Linux for the Enterprise". The Next Platform. https://www.nextplatform.com/2020/04/23/locking-down-linux-for-the-enterprise/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Olavsrud, T. (21 November 2016). "Microsoft embraces open source in the cloud and on-premises". CIO. https://www.cio.com/article/3143653/microsoft-embraces-open-source-in-the-cloud-and-on-premises.html. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  7. ↑ Ibanez, L. (19 November 2014). "Microsoft gets on board with open source". OpenSource.com. https://opensource.com/business/14/11/microsoft-dot-net-empower-open-source-communities. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Branscombe, M. (2 December 2020). "What is Microsoft doing with Linux? Everything you need to know about its plans for open source". TechRepublic. https://www.techrepublic.com/article/what-is-microsoft-doing-with-linux-everything-you-need-to-know-about-its-plans-for-open-source/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  9. ↑ Barnes, H. (11 October 2020). "No, Microsoft is not rebasing Windows to Linux". Box of Cables. https://boxofcables.dev/no-microsoft-is-not-rebasing-windows-to-linux/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  10. ↑ Metz, C. (18 June 2014). "Google Open Sources Its Secret Weapon in Cloud Computing". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/06/google-kubernetes/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  11. ↑ Lardinois, F. (21 July 2015). "As Kubernetes Hits 1.0, Google Donates Technology To Newly Formed Cloud Native Computing Foundation". Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/21/as-kubernetes-hits-1-0-google-donates-technology-to-newly-formed-cloud-native-computing-foundation-with-ibm-intel-twitter-and-others/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  12. ↑ The Linux Foundation (1 February 2021). "What is Kubernetes?". https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/what-is-kubernetes/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sarrel, M. (4 February 2020). "Why cloud-native open source Kubernetes matters". enterprise.nxt. Hewlett Packard Enterprise. https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/why-cloud-native-open-source-kubernetes-matters-2002.html. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  14. ↑ Linthicum, D. (2020). "4 essential open-source tools for cloud management". TechBeacon. https://techbeacon.com/enterprise-it/4-essential-open-source-tools-cloud-management. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  15. ↑ "Eucalyptus". Appscale Systems. https://www.eucalyptus.cloud/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  16. ↑ Millar, M. (27 August 2019). "Laboratory staff develop new cybersecurity solutions for cloud computing". Lincoln Laboratory - MIT. https://www.ll.mit.edu/news/laboratory-staff-develop-new-cybersecurity-solutions-cloud-computing. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
  17. ↑ "OpenStack". Open Infrastructure Foundation. https://www.openstack.org/. Retrieved 21 August 2021. 
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