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Fig. 1 Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology (CDNO) class relationships and interaction with FoodON. (A) Relationships and associations between major ontology classes. Solid symbols (circles and triangle) represent class hierarchies that may be used individually or in combination by curators to annotate datasets in the continuum between agriculture and health. Many terms within the "dietary nutritional component" (blue solid circle) hierarchy are imported and reused from ChEBI (purple arrow). Grey arrows indicate relationships between independent classes that may in the future be adopted where evidence is available. The "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] provides a framework where terms are reused in the "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001] class hierarchy (green solid circle). A distinction is made between the latter class, and that required an independent "analytical methods" class (Figure 1, blue triangle) to provide vocabulary to describe analytical methods where terms would be used in combination to represent relevant metadata (Figure 1, green dotted arrow). The "dietary material physical attribute" class [CDNO:0400001] (cream solid circle) provides structured subclasses to describe properties that may inhere either in a food material or be associated with a specific "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001]. The "nutritional functional attribute" [CDNO:0300001] class hierarchy (pink solid circle) allows the description of quantifiable functional attributes that may be associated with or inhere in terms from the "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] class hierarchy. Where evidence is available, terms from this class may also be associated with a human dietary role (Figure 1, pink dotted line). The "human dietary role" [CDNO:0500001] class (orange solid circle) includes structured terms representing biological roles that may be assigned to a specific "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001], where it is left to experts and data curators to assign supporting evidence that indicates a function defined at the levels of molecular interaction, cellular process, or physiological role. (B) The interaction between CDNO and FoodOn is shown with a purple double arrow. FoodOn reuses ~500 terms from the CDNO "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] hierarchy within the "chemical food component" [FOODON:03411041] hierarchy (cyan solid circle). The FoodOn "food product by organism" [FOODON:00002381] class (olive solid circle) is not directly associated with CDNO classes, but can be used to describe a food source. These represent independent classes that may be combined and used in a relational, RDF, or graph database by data curators to annotate and perform information extraction based on particular evidence that may require annotation.

Andrés-Hernández, L.; Blumberg, K.; Walls, R.L.; Dooley, D.; Mauleon, R.; Lange, M.; Weber, M.; Chan, L.; Malik, A.; Møller, A.; Ireland, J.; Segovia, L.; Zhang, X.; Burton-Freeman, B.; Magelli, P.; Schriever, A.; Forester, S.M.; Liu, L.; King, G.J. (2022). "Establishing a common nutritional vocabulary: From food production to diet". Frontiers in Nutrition 9: 928837. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.928837. 

2022

Andrés-Hernández, L.; Blumberg, K.; Walls, R.L.; Dooley, D.; Mauleon, R.; Lange, M.; Weber, M.; Chan, L.; Malik, A.; Møller, A.; Ireland, J.; Segovia, L.; Zhang, X.; Burton-Freeman, B.; Magelli, P.; Schriever, A.; Forester, S.M.; Liu, L.; King, G.J.

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