Journal:Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for multi-residue analysis of mycotoxins and pesticides in botanical nutraceuticals
| Full article title |
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for multi-residue analysis of mycotoxins and pesticides in botanical nutraceuticals |
|---|---|
| Journal | Toxins |
| Author(s) | Narváez, Alfonso; Rodríguez-Carrasco, Yelko; Castaldo, Luigi; Izzo, Luana; Ritieni, Alberto |
| Author affiliation(s) | University of Naples “Federico II”, University of Valencia |
| Primary contact | Email: yelko dot rodriguez at uv dot es |
| Year published | 2020 |
| Volume and issue | 12(2) |
| Page(s) | 114 |
| DOI | 10.3390/toxins12020114 |
| ISSN | 2072-6651 |
| Distribution license | Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International |
| Website | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/114/htm |
| Download | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/114/pdf (PDF) |
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This article should be considered a work in progress and incomplete. Consider this article incomplete until this notice is removed. |
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) food supplements made of Cannabis sativa L. extracts have quickly become popular products due to their health-promoting effects. However, potential contaminants, such as mycotoxins and pesticides, can be coextracted during the manufacturing process and placed into the final product. Accordingly, a novel methodology using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was developed to quantify 16 mycotoxins produced by major C. sativa fungi, followed by a post-target screening of 283 pesticides based on a comprehensive spectral library. The validated procedure was applied to 10 CBD-based products. Up to six different Fusarium mycotoxins were found in seven samples, the most prevalent being zearalenone (60%) and enniatin B1 (30%), both found at a maximum level of 11.6 ng/g. Co-occurrence was observed in four samples, including one with enniatin B1, enniatin A, and enniatin A1. On the other hand, 46 different pesticides were detected after retrospective analysis. Ethoxyquin (50%), piperonyl butoxide (40%), simazine (30%), and cyanazine (30%) were the major residues found. These results highlight the necessity of monitoring contaminants in food supplements in order to ensure safe consumption, even more considering the increasing trend in their use. Furthermore, the developed procedure is proposed as a powerful analytical tool to evaluate the potential mycotoxin profile of these particular products. To our knowledge, this represents the first multi-class analysis of CBD-based supplements regarding mycotoxins and pesticide residues using high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques.
Keywords: mycotoxins, pesticides, Q-Exactive Orbitrap, CBD capsule, nutraceutical
Introduction
Nutrition is known to be an essential component of quality state of health, and having an unbalanced diet can lead to several disorders and diseases.[1] Due to current lifestyles, new, convenient ways to maintain proper dietary habits are required. Nutraceuticals have emerged as an alternative to increase the input of nutrients, contributing to an improvement in health. These products are bioactive compounds naturally occurring in food or produced de novo in human metabolism, biologicals, or botanicals, each intended to impart a physiological or medicinal effect after ingestion.[2] They can be delivered either in foods and beverages or in other non-conventional forms, such as capsules, tablets, powders, or liquid extracts. In terms of marketing, nutraceuticals include a large number of different products packaged for specific groups by age, gender, physical condition, and activity level. The global market was valued at U.S. $109 billion in 2015 and was projected to reach U.S. $180 billion by 2020.[3]
References
- ↑ Afshin, A.; Sur, P.J.; Fay, K.A. et al. (2019). "Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". Lancet 393 (10184): 1958–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8. PMC PMC6899507. PMID 30954305. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899507.
- ↑ Almada, A.L. (2019). "Chapter 1: Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Innovation, insulation, evangelism, and evidence". In Bagchi, D.. Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and around the World (3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 3–11. ISBN 9780128164679.
- ↑ Binns, C.W.; Lee, M.K.; Lee, A.H. (2018). "Problems and Prospects: Public Health Regulation of Dietary Supplements". Annual Review of Public Health 39: 403–20. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013638. PMID 29272167.
Notes
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.
