Journal:Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for multi-residue analysis of mycotoxins and pesticides in botanical nutraceuticals

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Full article title Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution
mass spectrometry for multi-residue analysis of mycotoxins and pesticides in botanical nutraceuticals
Journal Toxins
Author(s) Narváez, Alfonso; Rodríguez-Carrasco, Yelko; Castaldo, Luigi; Izzo, Luana; Ritieni, Alberto
Author affiliation(s) University of Naples “Federico II”, University of Valencia
Primary contact Email: yelko dot rodriguez at uv dot es
Year published 2020
Volume and issue 12(2)
Page(s) 114
DOI 10.3390/toxins12020114
ISSN 2072-6651
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/114/htm
Download https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/114/pdf (PDF)
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Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD) food supplements made of Cannabis sativa L. extracts have quickly become popular products due to their health-promoting effects. However, potential contaminants, such as mycotoxins and pesticides, can be coextracted during the manufacturing process and placed into the final product. Accordingly, a novel methodology using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was developed to quantify 16 mycotoxins produced by major C. sativa fungi, followed by a post-target screening of 283 pesticides based on a comprehensive spectral library. The validated procedure was applied to 10 CBD-based products. Up to six different Fusarium mycotoxins were found in seven samples, the most prevalent being zearalenone (60%) and enniatin B1 (30%), both found at a maximum level of 11.6 ng/g. Co-occurrence was observed in four samples, including one with enniatin B1, enniatin A, and enniatin A1. On the other hand, 46 different pesticides were detected after retrospective analysis. Ethoxyquin (50%), piperonyl butoxide (40%), simazine (30%), and cyanazine (30%) were the major residues found. These results highlight the necessity of monitoring contaminants in food supplements in order to ensure safe consumption, even more considering the increasing trend in their use. Furthermore, the developed procedure is proposed as a powerful analytical tool to evaluate the potential mycotoxin profile of these particular products. To our knowledge, this represents the first multi-class analysis of CBD-based supplements regarding mycotoxins and pesticide residues using high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques.

Keywords: mycotoxins, pesticides, Q-Exactive Orbitrap, CBD capsule, nutraceutical

Introduction

Nutrition is known to be an essential component of quality state of health, and having an unbalanced diet can lead to several disorders and diseases.[1] Due to current lifestyles, new, convenient ways to maintain proper dietary habits are required. Nutraceuticals have emerged as an alternative to increase the input of nutrients, contributing to an improvement in health. These products are bioactive compounds naturally occurring in food or produced de novo in human metabolism, biologicals, or botanicals, each intended to impart a physiological or medicinal effect after ingestion.[2] They can be delivered either in foods and beverages or in other non-conventional forms, such as capsules, tablets, powders, or liquid extracts. In terms of marketing, nutraceuticals include a large number of different products packaged for specific groups by age, gender, physical condition, and activity level. The global market was valued at U.S. $109 billion in 2015 and was projected to reach U.S. $180 billion by 2020.[3]

Inside the variety of products classified as nutraceuticals, food supplements based on botanical ingredients represent the second largest segment, behind vitamins and minerals. Most recently, cannabidiol (CBD) dietary supplements made of Cannabis sativa L. extracts have quickly become popular products. CBD is a phytocannabinoid present in the resin secreted from trichomes in female C. sativa plants and is mainly found in inflorescences. The bioactivity of this compound has been related to an enhancement of its antioxidant and neurological activity, among others, by the promotion of several metabolic pathways.[4][5][6] However, the European Union (E.U.) does not consider CBD supplements as a novel food[7] and lets member states set their own rules over its marketing, leading to a convoluted situation in terms of regulation. Despite several ambiguities in its legislation, the European market for CBD-based supplements was valued at U.S. $318 million in 2018, with a strong growth projection.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Afshin, A.; Sur, P.J.; Fay, K.A. et al. (2019). "Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". Lancet 393 (10184): 1958–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8. PMC PMC6899507. PMID 30954305. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899507. 
  2. ↑ Almada, A.L. (2019). "Chapter 1: Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Innovation, insulation, evangelism, and evidence". In Bagchi, D.. Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and around the World (3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 3–11. ISBN 9780128164679. 
  3. ↑ Binns, C.W.; Lee, M.K.; Lee, A.H. (2018). "Problems and Prospects: Public Health Regulation of Dietary Supplements". Annual Review of Public Health 39: 403–20. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013638. PMID 29272167. 
  4. ↑ Zuardi, A.W. (2008). "Cannabidiol: From an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action". Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 30 (3): 271–80. doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008000300015. PMID 18833429. 
  5. ↑ Casares, L.; García, V.; Garrido-Rodríguez, M. et al. (2020). "Cannabidiol induces antioxidant pathways in keratinocytes by targeting BACH1". Redox Biology 28: 101321. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2019.101321. PMC PMC6742916. PMID 31518892. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6742916. 
  6. ↑ Maroon, J.; Bost, J. (2018). "Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids". Surgical Neurology International 9: 91. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_45_18. PMC PMC5938896. PMID 29770251. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5938896. 
  7. ↑ "Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001". EUR-Lex. European Union. 12 November 2015. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015R2283. 
  8. ↑ "Iternational CBD and Cannabis Market Landscape". Brightfield Group Data Portals. Brightfield Group. https://www.brightfieldgroup.com/international-cbd-cannabis-market-landscape. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.

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