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| text      = This is sublevel1 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see [[User_talk:Shawndouglas|my discussion page]] instead.<p></p>
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==Sandbox begins below==
==Sandbox begins below==
===Broad feature set of a pathology information management solution===
A pathology information management solution (PIMS) ...
* '''automated reflex testing''': Some PIMS vendors include pre-loaded, customizable lists of reflex tests associated with certain pathology procedures and their associated diagnoses. Optimally, these reflex texts are automatically suggested at specimen reception, based on specimen and/or pathology test type.<ref name="NovoPathSoftware13">{{cite web |url=https://www.novopath.com/content/pdf/novopathbrochure.pdf |format=PDF |title=NovoPath - Software Advancing Patient Diagnostics |publisher=NovoPath, Inc |date=2013 |accessdate=05 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="PsycheWindo">{{cite web |url=https://psychesystems.com/enterprise-laboratory-information-software/windopath/ |title=WindoPath Ē.ssential |publisher=Psychē Systems Corporation |accessdate=05 September 2020}}</ref> Examples of pathology-driven reflex testing in use today include testing for additional biomarkers for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma<ref name="SundinPath19">{{cite journal |url=https://www.medlabmag.com/article/1619 |title=Pathology-Driven Reflex Testing of Biomarkers |journal=Medical Lab Management |author=Sundin, T. |volume=8 |issue=11 |page=6 |year=2019}}</ref>, HPV testing in addition to cervical cytology examination<ref name="FDANewApproaches19">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/122799/download |title=New Approaches in the Evaluation for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Nucleic Acid Detection Devices |author=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=08 March 2019 |accessdate=05 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="StolerAdjunctive15">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 9: Adjunctive Testing |title=The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology |author=Stoler, M.H.; Raab, S.S.; Wilbur, D.C. |editor=Nayar, R.; Wilbur, D. |publisher=Springer |pages=287–94 |year=2015 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-11074-5_9 |isbn=9783319110745}}</ref> (discussed further in "adjunctive testing"), and additional automatic testing based off routine coagulation assays at hemostasis labs.<ref name="MohammedDevel19">{{cite journal |title=Development and implementation of an expert rule set for automated reflex testing and validation of routine coagulation tests in a large pathology network |journal=International Journal of Laboratory Hematology |author=Mohammed, S.; Priebbenow, V.U.; Pasalic, L. et al. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=642–49 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.13078 |pmid=31271498}}</ref>
* '''adjunctive testing''': Adjunctive testing is testing "that provides information that adds to or helps interpret the results of other tests, and provides information useful for risk assessment."<ref name="SegensAdjunct11">{{cite web |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/adjunct+test |title=adjunct test |work=Segen's Medical Dictionary |date=2011 |accessdate=05 September 2020}}</ref> A common adjunctive test performed in [[cytopathology]] is HPV testing.<ref name="FDANewApproaches19" /><ref name="StolerAdjunctive15" /> The FDA described this as such in 2003, specifically in regards to expanding the use of the Digene HC2 assay as an adjunct to cytology<ref name="FDANewApproaches19" />:
<blockquote>In women 30 years and older, the HC2 High-Risk HPV DNA test can be used with Pap to adjunctively screen to assess the presence or absence of high-risk HPV types. This information, together with the physician’s assessment of cytology history, other risk factors, and professional guidelines, may be used to guide patient management.</blockquote>
:Some PIMS vendors allow users to manually add an adjunctive test to a primary pathology test, or in some cases this may be enabled as part of an automated reflex testing process.<ref name="TDHistoCyto">{{cite web |url=https://www.technidata-web.com/solutions-services/disciplines/anatomic-pathology |title=TD HistoCyto Livextens |publisher=Technidata SAS |accessdate=05 September 2020}}</ref> However, ensure that any such solution is capable of feeding any adjunctive test results into the final report (see the subsection on this topic).
* '''demand management''': Similar to test optimization or clinical decision support, demand management mechanisms help laboratories reduce the amount of unnecessary and duplicate testing they perform. The idea of using demand management to reduce unnecessary pathology testing has been around since at least the beginning of the twenty-first century, if not well before, in the form of decision support systems and order request menus of informatics systems.<ref name="RaoPath03">{{cite journal |title=Pathology tests: is the time for demand management ripe at last? |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |author=Rao, G.G.; Crook, M.; Tillyer, M.L. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=243–48 |year=2003 |doi=10.1136/jcp.56.4.243 |pmid=12663633 |pmc=PMC1769923}}</ref> Lang described what the process of demand management would look like in a system like a [[laboratory information management system]] (LIMS) in 2013<ref name="LangLab13">{{cite journal |title=Laboratory demand management of repetitive testing – time for harmonisation and an evidenced based approach |journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |author=Lang, T. |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1139–40 |year=2013 |doi=10.1515/cclm-2013-0063 |pmid=23420284}}</ref>:
<blockquote>When implementing a demand management tool it is important that the system used to manage a laboratory workload can correctly identify the patient and match requests with the patient’s medical record. Ideally there should be one unique identifier used (e.g., NHS number in the UK), which will allow the LIMS to interrogate the patient’s previous pathology result to allow identification of duplicate or inappropriate requests. If a subsequent request is blocked, then it is also important that there is real-time notification of a potential redundant test so that the requestor can make an informed choice on the clinical need of the test and if it is required to override the rule. It is important that there is a facility whereby the laboratory or requestor can record the reason for blocking a request or overriding the rule.</blockquote>
:Today, some PIMS are designed to allow configurable rules and parameters to check for duplicate and unnecessary tests at various levels (e.g., by test ID or catalog type, activity type, or some other order level).<ref name="MorrisDemand18">{{cite journal |title=Demand management and optimization of clinical laboratory services in a tertiary referral center in Saudi Arabia |journal=Annals of Saudi Medicine |author=Morris, T.F.; Ellison, T.L.; Mutabbagani, M. et al. |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=299–304 |year=2018 |doi=10.5144/0256-4947.2018.299 |pmid=30078029 |pmc=PMC6086671}}</ref><ref name="DXCLab">{{cite web |url=https://www.dxc.technology/healthcare/offerings/139499/139776-dxc_laboratory_information_management_lims |title=DXC Laboratory Information Management (LIMS) |publisher=DXC Technology Services, LLC |accessdate=05 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''consent management''': In clinical medicine, patients typically must sign a form indicating informed consent to medical treatment.<ref name="AMAInformed">{{cite web |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/informed-consent |title=Informed Consent |work=Code of Medical Ethics |publisher=American Medical Association |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> Biobanking facilities, which store biospecimens, also must collect consent forms regarding how a patient's biospecimens may be used.<ref name="AveryBiobank18">{{cite web |url=https://www.biobanking.com/biobanking-consent-informing-human-subjects-of-the-possibilities/ |title=Biobanking Consent: Informing Human Subjects of the Possibilities |author=Avery, D. |work=Biobanking.com |date=16 July 2018 |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> In all cases, these consent documents drive how and when certain actions take place. Though not common, some LIMS like LabVantage Pathology by Software Point<ref name="SPLabVantPath">{{cite web |url=https://softwarepoint.com/solutions/product/labvantage-pathology |title=LabVantage Pathology |publisher=Software Point Oy |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> provide consent management mechanisms within their PIMS, giving pathologists the ability to quickly verify consent details electronically. In biobanking solutions, this consent management process may be more rigorous to ensure biospecimen donors' preferences and regulatory requirements are being carefully followed. For example, the system may need to be able to prevent further use of a biospecimen and trigger sample and data deletion protocols when a donor withraws their consent to use.<ref name="BikaNCV15">{{cite web |url=https://www.bikalims.org/downloads/bika-open-source-biobank-management-system/at_download/file |format=PDF |title=NCB-H3A Cape Town Biobank Management System - Functional Requirements Overview & Phase I Objectives |author=SANBI; Bika Lab Systems |publisher=Bika Lab Systems |date=20 November 2015 |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''case management and review''': Case history
* '''speech recognition and transcription management''':
* '''storage and tissue bank management''': Biorepositories and pathology laboratories go hand-in-hand. A significant example can be found with the relationship medical school biorepositories have with their pathology labs and departments, as with, for example, Duke University<ref name="DukeBiorep">{{cite web |url=https://pathology.duke.edu/core-facilities-services/biorepository-precision-pathology-center |title=Biorepository & Precision Pathology Center |publisher=Duke University School of Medicine |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref>, University of Illinois Chicago<ref name="UIC_UIHealthBio">{{cite web |url=https://rrc.uic.edu/cores/rsd/biorepository/ |title=UI Health Biorepository |publisher=University of Illinois Chicago |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref>, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.<ref name="IcahnBiorep">{{cite web |url=https://icahn.mssm.edu/research/portal/resources/deans-cores/biorepository-and-pathology |title=Biorepository and Pathology |publisher=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> However, even small pathology laboratories must also responsibly store and track their specimens, blocks, and slides, as well as the storage variables affecting them. Any reputable laboratory informatics solution will be able to track the location of such items through barcode or RFID support, as well as allowing for the creation of named storage locations in the system. However, some informatics solutions like AgileBio's LabCollector go a step further, providing data logging modules that are capable of connecting to data logger hardware and other sensors that capture environmental storage information such as temperature, humidity, light level, carbon dioxide level, and pressure. When a variable is out of range, an alert can be sent and logged.<ref name="AgileBioDataLog">{{cite web |url=https://www.labcollector.com/labcollector-lims/add-ons/data-logger/ |title=Data Logger |publisher=AgileBio |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> And full-fledged biorepository management LIMS may have all the bells and whistles, including randomized biospecimen location auditing.<ref name="AIBiobank">{{cite web |url=https://www.autoscribeinformatics.com/industries/biobank-management-systems |title=Biobank Management LIMS |publisher=Autoscribe Informatics, Inc |date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''task management''': Case assignment
* '''billing management with code support''': Support for CPT, ICD-10, SNOMED, etc. codes, auto-generation of those codes based on specimen/slide code, automated billing, user-defined billing rules
* '''reflex and adjunctive test reporting''': Ensure that a PIMS is capable of feeding any adjunctive test results into the final report, along with the results from the primary tests. Using adjunctive HPV test results as an example, the report should optimally include details such as assay name, manufacturer, the HPV types it covers, results, and any applicable educational notes and suggestions.<ref name="StolerAdjunctive15" /> Be careful with simple color-coding of results for interpretation, as they can be easily misinterpreted, including by the colorblind. A combination of symbol with color will help limit such misinterpretation.<ref name="SundinPath19" />
* '''structured data entry''': The concept of structured data entry (SDE) is relatively simple, but it may still get taken for granted. At its core, SDE is all about ensuring that entered data is based on a set of predefined conditions or rules, usually implemented through standardized forms with pre-determined drop-down and auto-populated fields.<ref name="PHIIUnderst">{{cite web |url=https://www.phii.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/Understanding%20Clinical%20Data%20and%20Workflow%20Guide.docx |format=DOCX |title=Analyzing Clinical Data and Workflows - 4. Understanding Clinical Data and Workflow |work=EHR Toolkit |author=Public Health Informatics Institute |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> This typically confers numerous advantages, including easier data entry, easier and more standardized reporting, decrease costs, improve translational research, and ensure better compatibility and integration across different information systems.<ref name="PHIIUnderst" /><ref name="BataviaUsing18">{{cite journal |title=Using structured data entry systems in the electronic medical record to collect clinical data for quality and research: Can we efficiently serve multiple needs for complex patients with spina bifida? |journal=Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitative Medicine |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=303–09 |year=2018 |doi=10.3233/PRM-170525 |pmid=30507591 |pmc=PMC6491202}}</ref> As such, some PIMS vendors like NovoPath and Orchard Software describe their solutions as having SDE elements such as enabling intelligent auto-loading of diagnosis and billing codes during case loading, allowing input fields to be required, and synoptic reporting support.<ref name="NPSoftwarePDF">{{cite web |url=https://www.novopath.com/content/pdf/novopathbrochure.pdf |format=PDF |title=NovoPath - Software Advancing Patient Diagnostics |publisher=NovoPath, Inc |date=2013 |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OSOrchPath">{{cite web |url=https://www.orchardsoft.com/orchard-pathology.html |title=Orchard Pathology |publisher=Orchard Software Corporation |accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''synoptic reporting''': [[LIS feature#Synoptic reporting|Synoptic reporting]] involves a structured, pre-formatted "checklist" of clinically and morphologically relevant data elements that help make pathology reporting more efficient, uniform, and relevant to internal and external stakeholders. Another way to put this is that synoptic reporting is SDE applied to the pathology report, often based upon specific reporting protocols by professional or standards organizations like the College of American Pathologists (CAP).<ref name="LLAnatom">{{cite web |url=https://www.ligolab.com/solutions/anatomic-pathology-solution |title=Anatomic Pathology Solutions |publisher=LigoLab, LLC |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="NPSoftwarePDF" /> Support for synoptic reporting methods is typical within PIMS solutions, including support for configurable templates that can be adapted to changing and custom reporting protocols.
* '''correlative and consultive reporting''': In the late 1930s, the concept of correlating pathology results with clinical observations (and pathology) was beginning to be addressed in student textbooks.<ref name="JAMATextbook40">{{cite journal |title=''Textbook of Pathology. A Correlation of Clinical Observations and Pathological Findings'' |journal=JAMA |volume=114 |issue=2 |page=184 |year=1940 |doi=10.1001/jama.1940.02810020088032}}</ref> Today, the concept remains integral in medical practice and toxicologic study reporting.<ref name="SmithConstruct16">{{cite journal |title=Constructing Comments in a Pathology Report: Advice for the Pathology Resident |journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine |author=Smith, S.M.; Yearsley, M. |volume=140 |issue=10 |pages=1023–24 |year=2016 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2016-0220-ED |pmid=27684971}}</ref><ref name="RamaiahInterp17">{{cite journal |title=Interpreting and Integrating Clinical and Anatomic Pathology Results: Pulling It All Together |journal=Toxicologic Pathology |author=Ramaiah, L.; Hinrichs, M.J.; Skuba, E.V. et al. |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=223–37 |year=2017 |doi=10.1177/0192623316677068 |pmid=27879439}}</ref><ref name="AulbachOver19">{{cite journal |title=Overview and considerations for the reporting of clinical pathology interpretations in nonclinical toxicology studies |journal=Veterinary Clinical Pathology |author=Aulbach, A.; Vitsky, A.; Arndt, T. et al. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=389–99 |year=2019 |doi=10.1111/vcp.12772 |pmid=31556157}}</ref> On the clinical side, a pathologist may include the phrase "clinical correlation is recommended" and additional comments. And in some cases, a third-party pathology consultation, with their own respective comments, is involved with specimen analysis.<ref name="KaplanWhatIs14">{{cite web |url=https://blog.corista.com/corista-digital-pathology-blog/bid/389513/What-is-a-Pathology-Consultation-When-is-it-Used |title=What is a Pathology Consultation? When is it Used? |author=Kaplan, K. |work=Corista Digital Pathology Blog |date=19 June 2014 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> These correlative and consultive comments or reports play an important part in the overall final pathology report and should not be omitted, particularly if differing opinions are involved. Vendors such as Orchard Software, LigoLab, and Aspyra tout their solutions' ability to tie together multiple reports and comments across pathology disciplines and consultants into one concise report.<ref name="OSOrchPath" /><ref name="LLAnatom" /><ref name="AspyraAnaPath">{{cite web |url=http://aspyra.com/anatomic-pathology/ |title=Anatomic Pathology |publisher=Aspyra, LLC |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''CAP Cancer Reporting Protocol support''': Previously mentioned was CAP and its reporting protocols. In particular, CAP has its Cancer Reporting Protocols, which the CAP describe as providing "guidelines for collecting the essential data elements for complete reporting of malignant tumors and optimal patient care."<ref name="CAPCancerProt20">{{cite web |url=https://www.cap.org/protocols-and-guidelines/cancer-reporting-tools/cancer-protocol-templates |title=Cancer Protocol Templates |publisher=College of American Pathologists |date=April 2020 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> In conjunction with its electronic Cancer Checklists (eCCs)<ref name="CAPeCC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cap.org/laboratory-improvement/proficiency-testing/cap-ecc |title=CAP eCC |publisher=College of American Pathologists |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref>, pathologists are able to integrate CAP cancer reporting protocols of tumors, resections, and select biopsies into their PIMS' workflow and ensure proper reporting outcomes. Some PIMS vendors (e.g., Orchard Software, LigoLab<ref name="OSOrchPath" /><ref name="LLAnatom" />) explicitly indicate their solution integrates CAP's eCC templates and reporting protocols into their solution.
* '''annotated organ mapping''': In the world of PIMS, organ mapping refers to the concept of placing location-specific diagnostic information from specimen analyses into an anatomical diagram, typically during reporting, to more clearly communicate the results of those analyses. PIMS vendor WebPathLab, Inc. demonstrates this concept well with its Auto Organ Map Module, which not only shows an organ map in the rport but also simplifies data entry for the pathologist using SDE.<ref name="WPLAuto19">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLr5_pLgYpg |title=AutoProstateMap |work=YouTube |author=WebPathLab, Inc |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="WPLGUAuto">{{cite web |url=http://webpathlab.com/solutions/gu-auto-organ-map/ |title=GU Auto Organ Map Module |publisher=WebPathLab, Inc |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> They use the prostate as an example, and explain that "selecting the predetermined number of quadrants in the prostate &#91;diagram&#93;, the system autopopulates the specimen description to each corresponding quadrant, and autofills the text for the Gross Description field, leaving only the dimension of each core to be entered by the grosser." NovoPath and Psyche Systems Corporation are additional examples of vendors incorporating organ mapping into their PIMS.<ref name="PsycheWindo" /><ref name="NPSoftwarePDF" />
* '''stain panel and unstained/control slide support''': A positive control slide is typically used to qualitatively assess how well a non-hematoxylin-eosin (non-H&E) or "special" stain performs against a gold standard like H&E, and the positive control is usually included with manufactured unstained slides (e.g., see Newcomer Supply's [https://www.newcomersupply.com/documents/product-flyers/Control%20Slide%20Brochure.pdf control slide catalog]). These slides may be used in histopathology (gauging the manifestation of disease in a tissue) and immunopathology (gauging immune response through visualization of an antibody-antigen interaction in a tissue). In particular, immunopathology and its associated immunohistochemistry may turn to special stain panels, which utilize multiple immunochemical stains to visualize the presence of more than one biomarker expression at the same time.<ref name="ShieldImmuno96">{{cite journal |title=Immunocytochemical staining of cytologic specimens. How helpful is it? |journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology |author=Shield, P.W.; Perkins, G.; Wright, R.G. |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=157–62 |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/ajcp/105.2.157 |pmid=8607438}}</ref><ref name="MartinEval14">{{cite journal |title=Evaluation of intestinal biopsies for pediatric enteropathy: A proposed immunohistochemical panel approach |journal=American Journal of Surgical Pathology |author=Martin, B.A.; Kerner, J.A.; Hazard, F.K. et al. |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1387–95 |year=2014 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000314 |pmid=25188866}}</ref><ref name="TorbensonImmuno19">{{cite web |url=https://abdominalkey.com/immunohistochemistry-and-special-stains-in-liver-pathology/ |title=Chapter 4. Immunohistochemistry and Special Stains in Liver Pathology |author=Torbenson, M.S. |work=Abdominalkey |date=24 November 2019 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Vendors like NovoPath and Integrated Business Solutions Group explicitly state their solution supports the management of these types of slides and stain panels.<ref name="NPSoftwarePDF" /><ref name="IBSGLabLion">{{cite web |url=https://www.lablion.com/lablion-lis-laboratory-information-system |title=LABLION Software Suite |publisher=Integrated Business Solutions Group, LLC |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''grossing support''': In medical terms, the adjective "gross" means "visible without the aid of a microscope."<ref name="MWGross">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gross |title=Gross |work=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> By extension, gross examination (i.e., grossing) involves a macroscopic visual assessment of a biospecimen before preparation for microscopy, in order to gleen diagnostic information. Grossing remains a valuable skill used in modern pathology.<ref name="RutgushreeGrossing18">{{cite journal |title=Grossing of tissue specimens in oral pathology - Elemental guidelines |journal=International Journal of Oral Health Sciences |author=Ruthushree, T.; Harsha, M.; Amberkar, V.S. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=63–7 |year=2018 |doi=10.4103/ijohs.ijohs_32_18}}</ref><ref name="SchubertTheArt19">{{cite web |url=https://thepathologist.com/inside-the-lab/the-art-of-grossing |title=The Art of Grossing: Gross examination underpins all diagnoses based on tissue samples – but is this vital skill given the credit it deserves? |author=Schubert, M.; Nashm C; McCoy, J. |work=The Pathologist |date=26 November 2019 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Some PIMS provide a grossing menu for pathologists to scan in and include commentary about a gross examination of a specimen.<ref name="LLAnatom" />
* '''testing protocol and workflow design''':
* '''high-risk patient follow-up''': A 2015 study published in ''Annals of Family Medicine'' showed evidence that "patients with high clinical complexity and high risk of readmission" benefited from early outpatient follow-up.<ref name="JosztHigh15">{{cite web |url=https://www.ajmc.com/view/high-risk-patients-benefit-significantly-from-early-follow-up-post-hospital-discharge |title=High-Risk Patients Benefit Significantly From Early Follow-up Post Hospital Discharge |author=Joszt, L. |work=The American Journal of Managed Care |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="JacksonTimeli15">{{cite journal |title=Timeliness of Outpatient Follow-up: An Evidence-Based Approach for Planning After Hospital Discharge |journal=Annals of Family Medicine |author=Jackson, C.; Shahsahebi, M.; Wedlake, T. et al. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=115–22 |year=2015 |doi=10.1370/afm.1753}}</ref> The authors concluded : "Follow-up within seven days was associated with meaningful reductions in readmission risk for patients with multiple chronic conditions and a greater than 20% baseline risk of readmission, a group that represented 24% of discharged patients." Presumably some health care systems are synthesizing that information into their patient workflows, likely through some sort of scheduled event and alert in their primary informatics system, e.g., an [[electronic health record]] (EHR) system.<ref name="FutrellHealth18">{{cite web |url=https://www.mlo-online.com/information-technology/lis/article/13009479/health-information-technology-can-support-population-health-management |title=Health information technology can support population health management |author=Futrell, K. |work=Medical Laboratory Observer |date=18 April 2018 |accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Though not common, at least one PIMS vendor—LigoLab, LLC—indicates their solution helps address high-risk patient follow-up, though it's not clear how.<ref name="LLAnatom" />
* '''research animal support''':
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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