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==Sandbox begins below==
==Sandbox begins below==
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[[File:Assessing prototype reference material for testing emissions of VOCs (5940985174).jpg|right|300px]]
'''Title''': ''Why are the FAIR data principles increasingly important to research laboratories and their software?''
'''Title''': ''What standards and regulations affect a materials testing laboratory?''


'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
'''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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'''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
'''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]


'''Publication date''': November 2023
'''Publication date''': May 2024
 
==Introduction==
 
==The growing importance of the FAIR principles to research laboratories==
The [[Journal:The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship|FAIR data principles]] were published by Wilkinson ''et al.'' in 2016 as a stakeholder collaboration driven to see research "objects" (i.e., research data and [[information]] of all shapes and formats) become more universally findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) by both machines and people.<ref name="WilkinsonTheFAIR16">{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Mark D. |last2=Dumontier |first2=Michel |last3=Aalbersberg |first3=IJsbrand Jan |last4=Appleton |first4=Gabrielle |last5=Axton |first5=Myles |last6=Baak |first6=Arie |last7=Blomberg |first7=Niklas |last8=Boiten |first8=Jan-Willem |last9=da Silva Santos |first9=Luiz Bonino |last10=Bourne |first10=Philip E. |last11=Bouwman |first11=Jildau |date=2016-03-15 |title=The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160018 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.18 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=PMC4792175 |pmid=26978244}}</ref> The authors released the FAIR principles while recognizing that "one of the grand challenges of data-intensive science ... is to improve knowledge discovery through assisting both humans and their computational agents in the discovery of, access to, and integration and analysis of task-appropriate scientific data and other scholarly digital objects."<ref name="WilkinsonTheFAIR16" /> Since being published, other researchers have taken the somewhat broad set of principles and refined them to their own scientific disciplines, as well as to other types of research objects, including the research software being used by those researchers to generate research objects.<ref name="NIHPubMedSearch">{{cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=fair+data+principles |title=fair data principles |work=PubMed Search |publisher=National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine |accessdate=30 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="HasselbringFromFAIR20">{{Cite journal |last=Hasselbring |first=Wilhelm |last2=Carr |first2=Leslie |last3=Hettrick |first3=Simon |last4=Packer |first4=Heather |last5=Tiropanis |first5=Thanassis |date=2020-02-25 |title=From FAIR research data toward FAIR and open research software |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/itit-2019-0040/html |journal=it - Information Technology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.1515/itit-2019-0040 |issn=2196-7032}}</ref><ref name="GruenpeterFAIRPlus20">{{Cite web |last=Gruenpeter, M. |date=23 November 2020 |title=FAIR + Software: Decoding the principles |url=https://www.fairsfair.eu/sites/default/files/FAIR%20%2B%20software.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=FAIRsFAIR “Fostering FAIR Data Practices In Europe” |accessdate=30 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=Michelle |last2=Chue Hong |first2=Neil P. |last3=Katz |first3=Daniel S. |last4=Lamprecht |first4=Anna-Lena |last5=Martinez-Ortiz |first5=Carlos |last6=Psomopoulos |first6=Fotis |last7=Harrow |first7=Jennifer |last8=Castro |first8=Leyla Jael |last9=Gruenpeter |first9=Morane |last10=Martinez |first10=Paula Andrea |last11=Honeyman |first11=Tom |date=2022-10-14 |title=Introducing the FAIR Principles for research software |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01710-x |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=622 |doi=10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=PMC9562067 |pmid=36241754}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Bhavesh |last2=Soundarajan |first2=Sanjay |last3=Ménager |first3=Hervé |last4=Hu |first4=Zicheng |date=2023-08-23 |title=Making Biomedical Research Software FAIR: Actionable Step-by-step Guidelines with a User-support Tool |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02463-x |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=557 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02463-x |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=PMC10447492 |pmid=37612312}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Du |first=Xinsong |last2=Dastmalchi |first2=Farhad |last3=Ye |first3=Hao |last4=Garrett |first4=Timothy J. |last5=Diller |first5=Matthew A. |last6=Liu |first6=Mei |last7=Hogan |first7=William R. |last8=Brochhausen |first8=Mathias |last9=Lemas |first9=Dominick J. |date=2023-02-06 |title=Evaluating LC-HRMS metabolomics data processing software using FAIR principles for research software |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11306-023-01974-3 |journal=Metabolomics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=11 |doi=10.1007/s11306-023-01974-3 |issn=1573-3890}}</ref>


===Materials testing to a standard test method===
But why are research laboratories increasingly pushing for more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable research objects and software? The short answer, as evidenced by the Wilkinson ''et al.'' quote above is that greater innovation can be gained through improved knowledge discovery. The discovery process necessary for that greater innovation—whether through traditional research methods or [[artificial intelligence]] (AI)-driven methods—is enhanced when research objects and software are compatible with the core ideas of FAIR.<ref name="WilkinsonTheFAIR16" /><ref name="OlsenEmbracing23">{{cite web |url=https://www.pharmasalmanac.com/articles/embracing-fair-data-on-the-path-to-ai-readiness |title=Embracing FAIR Data on the Path to AI-Readiness |author=Olsen, C. |work=Pharma's Almanac |date=01 September 2023 |accessdate=03 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="HuertaFAIRForAI23">{{Cite journal |last=Huerta |first=E. A. |last2=Blaiszik |first2=Ben |last3=Brinson |first3=L. Catherine |last4=Bouchard |first4=Kristofer E. |last5=Diaz |first5=Daniel |last6=Doglioni |first6=Caterina |last7=Duarte |first7=Javier M. |last8=Emani |first8=Murali |last9=Foster |first9=Ian |last10=Fox |first10=Geoffrey |last11=Harris |first11=Philip |date=2023-07-26 |title=FAIR for AI: An interdisciplinary and international community building perspective |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02298-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=487 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02298-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=PMC10372139 |pmid=37495591}}</ref>
A standard test method is a result-yielding analytical procedure that is "definite, unambiguous, and experimentally viable, as well as being reproducibly effective," typically developed by a collection of experts in the field of measurement being analyzed.<ref name="StableMat21">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=20070 |title=Materials Testing: Should You Change from the Standard Test Method Approach? |author=Stable Micro Systems Ltd |work=AZO Materials |date=11 February 2021 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref> Standard-based methods developed from the input of the international community in theory represent a more global consensus on an analytical test and lend strength to international trade and overall consumer confidence. Or as the National Research Council puts it: "Testing against specific standards provides independent data to support manufacturer's declarations of conformity to purchaser specifications or government regulations."<ref name="NRCStand95">{{Cite book |date=1995-03-15 |title=Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade: Into the 21st Century |author=National Research Council |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4921 |chapter=Chapter 3: Conformity Assessment |publisher=National Academies Press |place=Washington, D.C. |pages=65–102 |doi=10.17226/4921 |isbn=978-0-309-05236-8}}</ref>


However, unless mandated by federal regulation or a respected international accreditation body, such standards are not compulsory, and materials testing labs may turn to a competing standard or even develop their own non-standard test methods for newly discovered materials for which existing standard-based methods can't be applied.<ref name="StableMat21" /> Even when laboratory accreditation is involved, one accrediting body may require the lab to use one set of standardized test methods, while another accrediting body may have a slightly different set of standardized test methods that are recommended. Throw in state regulations that require small modifications to existing standards, and the testing picture gets even more complex.
A slightly longer answer, suitable for a Q&A topic, requires looking at a few more details of the FAIR principles as applied to both research objects and research software. Research laboratories, whether located in an organization or contracted out as third parties, exist to innovate. That innovation can come in the form of discovering new materials that may or may not have a future application, developing a pharmaceutical to improve patient outcomes for a particular disease, or modifying (for some sort of improvement) an existing food or beverage recipe, among others. In academic research labs, this usually looks like knowledge advancement and the publishing of research results, whereas in industry research labs, this typically looks like more practical applications of research concepts to new or existing products or services. In both cases, research software was likely involved at some point, whether it be something like a researcher-developed [[bioinformatics]] application or a commercial vendor-developed [[electronic laboratory notebook]] (ELN).  


From this picture we realize that the landscape for materials testing, conformity assessment, and lab accreditation requirements, at least in the United States, is highly heterogeneous across cities, states, and the federal government, and this has been the case for decades.<ref name="NRCStand95" /><ref name="ArnholdConfom">{{cite web |url=https://ex-magazine.r-stahl.com/article/detail/konformitaetsbewertung-in-den-vereinigten-staaten |title=Conformity Assessment in the USA |author=Arnhold, T.; Berner, W. |work=Ex-Magazine |publisher=R. Stahl AG |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="ZVEIReduction23">{{cite web |url=https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Presse_und_Medien/Publikationen/user_upload/2023_04_21_ZVEI-Seiter_Abbau_technischer_Handelshemmnisse_im_Rahmen_von_TTC_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=Reduction of technical barriers to trade within the framework of the Transatlantic Trade Council (TTC) |author=Wirths, F. |publisher=ZVEI e.V |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> With testing and certification requirements for materials and the products made from them having redundancy, especially across state and local borders, the promotion of a more uniform federal-level recognition program that involves the positive assessment of conformity assessment accreditors of laboratories has been called for.<ref name="NRCStand95" /><ref name="ZVEIReduction23" /> Such federal recognition programs encourage the homogenization of laboratory conformity assessment and testing to a set of internationally-recognized standards, with the potential for reducing regulatory- and standards-based inefficiencies and increasing quality-based competition in laboratory testing and certification of materials.<ref name="NRCStand95" /> Such federal recognition programs have gradually come online, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Standards and Conformity Assessment Program (and the related FDA Standards Recognition Program) for those evaluating materials for and developing medical devices in the U.S.<ref name="FDAStand23">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/premarket-submissions-selecting-and-preparing-correct-submission/standards-and-conformity-assessment-program |title=Standards and Conformity Assessment Program |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=19 September 2023 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref> That said, the sheer breadth of testing and certification standards in the realm of materials testing is nonetheless still highlighted through the dearth of federal recognition programs for laboratory testing and accreditation.
===FAIR research objects===
Regarding research objects themselves, the FAIR principles essentially say "vast amounts of data and information in largely heterogeneous formats spread across disparate sources both electronic and paper make modern research workflows difficult, tedious, and at times impossible. Further, repeatability, reproducibility, and replicability of openly published or secure internal research results is at risk, giving less confidence to academic peers in the published research, or less confidence to critical stakeholders in the viability of a researched prototype." As such, research objects (which include not only their inherent data and information but also any [[metadata]] that describe features of that data and information) need to be<ref name="Rocca-SerraFAIRCook22">{{Cite book |last=Rocca-Serra, Philippe |last2=Sansone, Susanna-Assunta |last3=Gu, Wei |last4=Welter, Danielle |last5=Abbassi Daloii, Tooba |last6=Portell-Silva, Laura |date=2022-06-30 |title=D2.1 FAIR Cookbook |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6783564 |chapter=Introducing the FAIR Principles |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.6783564}}</ref>:


An arguably representative sample of entities developing standardized test methods for materials testing includes:
*''findable'', with globally unique and persistent identifiers, rich metadata that link to the identifier of the data described, and an ability to be indexed as an effectively searchable resource;
*''accessible'', being able to be retrieved (including metadata of data that is no longer available) by identifiers using secure standardized communication protocols that are open, free, and universally implementable with authentication and authorization mechanisms;
*''interoperable'', represented using formal, accessible, shared, and relevant language models and vocabularies that abide by FAIR principles, as well as with qualified linkage to other metadata; and
*''reusable'', being richly described by accurate and relevant metadata, released with a clear and accessible data usage license, associated with sufficiently detailed provenance information, and compliant with discipline-specific community standards.


* Aerospace Industries Association (AIA/NAS/NASM)
All that talk of unique persistent identifiers, communication protocols, authentication mechanisms, language models (e.g., [[ontology]] languages), standardized vocabularies, provenance information, and more could make one's head spin. And, to be fair, it has been challenging for research groups to adopt FAIR, with few widespread international efforts to translate the FAIR principles to broad research. The FAIR Cookbook represents one example of such international collaborative effort, providing "a combination of guidance, technical, hands-on, background and review types to cover the operation steps of FAIR data management."<ref name="Rocca-SerraFAIRCook22-1">{{Cite book |last=Rocca-Serra, Philippe |last2=Sansone, Susanna-Assunta |last3=Gu, Wei |last4=Welter, Danielle |last5=Abbassi Daloii, Tooba |last6=Portell-Silva, Laura |date=2022-06-30 |title=D2.1 FAIR Cookbook |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6783564 |chapter=Introduction |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.6783564}}</ref> In fact, the Cookbook is illustrative of the challenges of implementing FAIR in research laboratories, particularly given the diverse array of vocabularies used across the wealth of scientific disciplines, such as [[biobanking]], [[biomedical engineering]], [[botany]], [[food science]], and [[materials science]]. The way a botanical research organization makes its research objects FAIR is going to require a set of different tools than the materials science research organization. But all of them will turn to [[Informatics (academic field)|informatics]] tools, data management plans, database tools, and more to not only massage existing research objects to be FAIR but also better ensure newly created research objects are FAIR as well.
* American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)
* American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
* American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
* American Petroleum Institute (API)
* AOAC International (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; AOAC)
* ASTM International (ASTM)
* Automakers (Ford, GM, Honda, PACCAR, Peugeot, Subaru, Tesla, Toyota, Volvo, etc.)
* Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
* Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
* Government and military entities (Consumer Product Safety Commission, CSFA, EPA, FDA, MIL, MMM, NAVSEA, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, etc.)
* Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI)
* International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
* International Maritime Organization (IMO)
* International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
* International Safe Transit Association (ISTA)
* Japanese Standards Association (JAS/JIS)
* NACE International (National Association of Corrosion Engineers; NACE)
* National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
* New York State Department of Transportation (NNSSCM/SCM)
* Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC)
* Suppliers of Advanced Composite Materials Association (SACMA)
* SAE International (SAE/AMS/AS)
* TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry; TAPPI)
* Truss Plate Institute (TPI)
* United States Pharmacopeia Convention (USP)


From these entities we find standard-based methods such as:
===FAIR research software===
Discussion on research software and its FAIRness is more complicated. It is beyond the scope of this article to go into greater detail about the concepts surrounding FAIR research software, but a brief overview will be attempted. When the FAIR principles were first published, the framework was largely being applied to research objects. However, researchers quickly recognized that any planning around updating processes and systems to make research objects more FAIR would have to be tailored to specific research contexts. This led to recognizing that digital research objects go beyond data and information, and that there is a "specific nature of software" used in research; that research software should not be considered "just data."<ref name="GruenpeterFAIRPlus20" /> The end result has been seen researchers begin to apply the core concepts of FAIR to research software, but slightly differently from research objects.<ref name="NIHPubMedSearch" /><ref name="HasselbringFromFAIR20" /><ref name="GruenpeterFAIRPlus20" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


* AATCC TM035-TM35-TM 35 ''Test Method for Water Resistance: Rain''<ref name="AATCC_TM035_21">{{cite web |url=https://members.aatcc.org/store/tm35/492/ |title=AATCC TM035-TM35-TM 35 ''Test Method for Water Resistance: Rain'' |publisher=American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists |date=2021 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref>
Unsurprisingly, what researchers consider to be "research software" for purposes of FAIR has historically been interpreted numerous ways. Does the commercial spreadsheet software used to make calculations to research data deserve to be called research software in parallel with the lab-developed bioinformatics application used to generate that data? Given the difficulties of gaining a consensus definition of the term, a 2021 international initiative called FAIRsFAIR made a good-faith effort to define "research software" with the feedback of multiple stakeholders. The short version of their resulting definition is that, "[r]esearch software includes source code files, algorithms, scripts, computational workflows, and executables that were created during the research process, or for a research purpose."<ref name="GruenpeterDefining21">{{Cite journal |last=Gruenpeter, Morane |last2=Katz, Daniel S. |last3=Lamprecht, Anna-Lena |last4=Honeyman, Tom |last5=Garijo, Daniel |last6=Struck, Alexander |last7=Niehues, Anna |last8=Martinez, Paula Andrea |last9=Castro, Leyla Jael |last10=Rabemanantsoa, Tovo |last11=Chue Hong, Neil P. |date=2021-09-13 |title=Defining Research Software: a controversial discussion |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5504016 |journal=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5504016}}</ref> Of note is the last part, acknowledging that research software can be developed in the lab during the research process or developed beforehand by, for example, a commercial software developer with a strong purpose of being used for research. As such, Microsoft Excel may not be looked upon as research software, but an ELN or [[laboratory information management system]] (LIMS) thoughtfully developed with research activities in mind could be considered research software. More often than not, that software is going to be developed in-house. A growing push for the FAIRification of that software, as well as commercial research solutions, has seen the emergence of "research software engineering" as a domain of practice.<ref name="MoynihanTheHitch20">{{cite web |url=https://invenia.github.io/blog/2020/07/07/software-engineering/ |title=The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Research Software Engineering: From PhD to RSE |author=Moynihan, G. |work=Invenia Blog |publisher=Invenia Technical Computing Corporation |date=07 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="WoolstonWhySci22">{{Cite journal |last=Woolston |first=Chris |date=2022-05-31 |title=Why science needs more research software engineers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01516-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |pages=d41586–022–01516-2 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01516-2 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> While in the past, broadly speaking, researchers often cobbled together research software with less a focus on quality and reproducibility and more on getting their research published, today's push for FAIR data and software by academic journals, institutions, and other researchers seeking to collaborate has placed a much greater focus on the concept of "better software, better research"<ref name="WoolstonWhySci22" /><ref name="CohenTheFour21">{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |last2=Katz |first2=Daniel S. |last3=Barker |first3=Michelle |last4=Chue Hong |first4=Neil |last5=Haines |first5=Robert |last6=Jay |first6=Caroline |date=2021-01 |title=The Four Pillars of Research Software Engineering |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8994167/ |journal=IEEE Software |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1109/MS.2020.2973362 |issn=0740-7459}}</ref>, with research software engineering efforts focusing on that concept as being vital to future research outcomes. Cohen ''et al.'' add that "ultimately, good research software can make the difference between valid, sustainable, reproducible research outputs and short-lived, potentially unreliable or erroneous outputs."<ref name="CohenTheFour21" />
* DIN 25410 ''Nuclear facilities - Surface cleanliness of components''<ref name="DIN25410_23">{{cite web |url=https://www.din.de/en/getting-involved/standards-committees/nmp/publications/wdc-beuth:din21:373091485 |title=DIN 25410 ''Nuclear facilities - Surface cleanliness of components'' |publisher=DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V |date=December 2023 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref>
* IFI-124:2002 ''Test Procedures for the Performance of Nonmetallic Resistant Element Prevailing-Torque Screws''<ref name="IFI124_13">{{cite web |url=https://www.indfast.org/shop/product_detail.asp?id=119 |title=IFI-124:2002 ''Test Procedures for the Performance of Nonmetallic Resistant Element Prevailing-Torque Screws'' |publisher=Industrial Fasteners Institute |date=2013 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref>
* PSTC 101 ''Peel Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Tape''<ref name="PSTC101_07">{{cite web |url=https://53tape.com/downloads/pstc101.pdf |format=PDF |title=PSTC 101 ''Peel Adhesion of Pressure Sensitive Tape'' |publisher=Pressure Sensitive Tape Council |date=May 2007 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref>
* TAPPI/ANSI T 804 OM:2020 ''Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers''<ref name="TAPPI804_20">{{cite web |url=https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-us/standards/tappi-ansi-t-804-om-2020-1062852_saig_tappi_tappi_2871920/ |title=TAPPI/ANSI T 804 OM:2020 ''Compression test of fiberboard shipping containers'' |publisher=Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper Industry |date=09 August 2020 |accessdate=08 November 2023}}</ref>


===Regulations involving materials testing===
It is not unusual for regulations to require the use of manufacturing and test method standards, particularly where the regulation is in place to protect public safety. For example, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation has standards in place for regulations affecting the design of highways and bridges, in the form of U.S. 23 CFR 625.4.<ref name="NA23CFR625.4">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-23/chapter-I/subchapter-G/part-625/section-625.4 |title=Title 23, Chapter I, Subchapter G, Part 625, § 625.4 Standards, policies, and standard specifications |work=Code of Federal Regulations |publisher=National Archives |date=05 June 2023 |accessdate=24 October 2023}}</ref> That regulation incorporates AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, which in turn incorporates ASTM F3125 ''Standard Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts, Steel and Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 120 ksi (830 MPa) and 150 ksi (1040 MPa) Minimum Tensile Strength, Inch and Metric Dimensions''.<ref name="FHAUseOf17">{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/steel/171201.cfm |title=Use of High Strength Fasteners in Highway Bridges |author=Hartmann, J.L. |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |date=01 December 2017 |accessdate=24 October 2023}}</ref>


==Conclusion==


===FAIRer research objects, better software, greater innovation===


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
<!---Place all category tags here-->

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[[File:|right|520px]] Title: Why are the FAIR data principles increasingly important to research laboratories and their software?

Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas

License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Publication date: May 2024

Introduction

The growing importance of the FAIR principles to research laboratories

The FAIR data principles were published by Wilkinson et al. in 2016 as a stakeholder collaboration driven to see research "objects" (i.e., research data and information of all shapes and formats) become more universally findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) by both machines and people.[1] The authors released the FAIR principles while recognizing that "one of the grand challenges of data-intensive science ... is to improve knowledge discovery through assisting both humans and their computational agents in the discovery of, access to, and integration and analysis of task-appropriate scientific data and other scholarly digital objects."[1] Since being published, other researchers have taken the somewhat broad set of principles and refined them to their own scientific disciplines, as well as to other types of research objects, including the research software being used by those researchers to generate research objects.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

But why are research laboratories increasingly pushing for more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable research objects and software? The short answer, as evidenced by the Wilkinson et al. quote above is that greater innovation can be gained through improved knowledge discovery. The discovery process necessary for that greater innovation—whether through traditional research methods or artificial intelligence (AI)-driven methods—is enhanced when research objects and software are compatible with the core ideas of FAIR.[1][8][9]

A slightly longer answer, suitable for a Q&A topic, requires looking at a few more details of the FAIR principles as applied to both research objects and research software. Research laboratories, whether located in an organization or contracted out as third parties, exist to innovate. That innovation can come in the form of discovering new materials that may or may not have a future application, developing a pharmaceutical to improve patient outcomes for a particular disease, or modifying (for some sort of improvement) an existing food or beverage recipe, among others. In academic research labs, this usually looks like knowledge advancement and the publishing of research results, whereas in industry research labs, this typically looks like more practical applications of research concepts to new or existing products or services. In both cases, research software was likely involved at some point, whether it be something like a researcher-developed bioinformatics application or a commercial vendor-developed electronic laboratory notebook (ELN).

FAIR research objects

Regarding research objects themselves, the FAIR principles essentially say "vast amounts of data and information in largely heterogeneous formats spread across disparate sources both electronic and paper make modern research workflows difficult, tedious, and at times impossible. Further, repeatability, reproducibility, and replicability of openly published or secure internal research results is at risk, giving less confidence to academic peers in the published research, or less confidence to critical stakeholders in the viability of a researched prototype." As such, research objects (which include not only their inherent data and information but also any metadata that describe features of that data and information) need to be[10]:

  • findable, with globally unique and persistent identifiers, rich metadata that link to the identifier of the data described, and an ability to be indexed as an effectively searchable resource;
  • accessible, being able to be retrieved (including metadata of data that is no longer available) by identifiers using secure standardized communication protocols that are open, free, and universally implementable with authentication and authorization mechanisms;
  • interoperable, represented using formal, accessible, shared, and relevant language models and vocabularies that abide by FAIR principles, as well as with qualified linkage to other metadata; and
  • reusable, being richly described by accurate and relevant metadata, released with a clear and accessible data usage license, associated with sufficiently detailed provenance information, and compliant with discipline-specific community standards.

All that talk of unique persistent identifiers, communication protocols, authentication mechanisms, language models (e.g., ontology languages), standardized vocabularies, provenance information, and more could make one's head spin. And, to be fair, it has been challenging for research groups to adopt FAIR, with few widespread international efforts to translate the FAIR principles to broad research. The FAIR Cookbook represents one example of such international collaborative effort, providing "a combination of guidance, technical, hands-on, background and review types to cover the operation steps of FAIR data management."[11] In fact, the Cookbook is illustrative of the challenges of implementing FAIR in research laboratories, particularly given the diverse array of vocabularies used across the wealth of scientific disciplines, such as biobanking, biomedical engineering, botany, food science, and materials science. The way a botanical research organization makes its research objects FAIR is going to require a set of different tools than the materials science research organization. But all of them will turn to informatics tools, data management plans, database tools, and more to not only massage existing research objects to be FAIR but also better ensure newly created research objects are FAIR as well.

FAIR research software

Discussion on research software and its FAIRness is more complicated. It is beyond the scope of this article to go into greater detail about the concepts surrounding FAIR research software, but a brief overview will be attempted. When the FAIR principles were first published, the framework was largely being applied to research objects. However, researchers quickly recognized that any planning around updating processes and systems to make research objects more FAIR would have to be tailored to specific research contexts. This led to recognizing that digital research objects go beyond data and information, and that there is a "specific nature of software" used in research; that research software should not be considered "just data."[4] The end result has been seen researchers begin to apply the core concepts of FAIR to research software, but slightly differently from research objects.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Unsurprisingly, what researchers consider to be "research software" for purposes of FAIR has historically been interpreted numerous ways. Does the commercial spreadsheet software used to make calculations to research data deserve to be called research software in parallel with the lab-developed bioinformatics application used to generate that data? Given the difficulties of gaining a consensus definition of the term, a 2021 international initiative called FAIRsFAIR made a good-faith effort to define "research software" with the feedback of multiple stakeholders. The short version of their resulting definition is that, "[r]esearch software includes source code files, algorithms, scripts, computational workflows, and executables that were created during the research process, or for a research purpose."[12] Of note is the last part, acknowledging that research software can be developed in the lab during the research process or developed beforehand by, for example, a commercial software developer with a strong purpose of being used for research. As such, Microsoft Excel may not be looked upon as research software, but an ELN or laboratory information management system (LIMS) thoughtfully developed with research activities in mind could be considered research software. More often than not, that software is going to be developed in-house. A growing push for the FAIRification of that software, as well as commercial research solutions, has seen the emergence of "research software engineering" as a domain of practice.[13][14] While in the past, broadly speaking, researchers often cobbled together research software with less a focus on quality and reproducibility and more on getting their research published, today's push for FAIR data and software by academic journals, institutions, and other researchers seeking to collaborate has placed a much greater focus on the concept of "better software, better research"[14][15], with research software engineering efforts focusing on that concept as being vital to future research outcomes. Cohen et al. add that "ultimately, good research software can make the difference between valid, sustainable, reproducible research outputs and short-lived, potentially unreliable or erroneous outputs."[15]


FAIRer research objects, better software, greater innovation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wilkinson, Mark D.; Dumontier, Michel; Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan; Appleton, Gabrielle; Axton, Myles; Baak, Arie; Blomberg, Niklas; Boiten, Jan-Willem et al. (15 March 2016). "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship" (in en). Scientific Data 3 (1): 160018. doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC PMC4792175. PMID 26978244. https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "fair data principles". PubMed Search. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=fair+data+principles. Retrieved 30 April 2024. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hasselbring, Wilhelm; Carr, Leslie; Hettrick, Simon; Packer, Heather; Tiropanis, Thanassis (25 February 2020). "From FAIR research data toward FAIR and open research software" (in en). it - Information Technology 62 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1515/itit-2019-0040. ISSN 2196-7032. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/itit-2019-0040/html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gruenpeter, M. (23 November 2020). "FAIR + Software: Decoding the principles" (PDF). FAIRsFAIR “Fostering FAIR Data Practices In Europe”. https://www.fairsfair.eu/sites/default/files/FAIR%20%2B%20software.pdf. Retrieved 30 April 2024. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Barker, Michelle; Chue Hong, Neil P.; Katz, Daniel S.; Lamprecht, Anna-Lena; Martinez-Ortiz, Carlos; Psomopoulos, Fotis; Harrow, Jennifer; Castro, Leyla Jael et al. (14 October 2022). "Introducing the FAIR Principles for research software" (in en). Scientific Data 9 (1): 622. doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC PMC9562067. PMID 36241754. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01710-x. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Patel, Bhavesh; Soundarajan, Sanjay; Ménager, Hervé; Hu, Zicheng (23 August 2023). "Making Biomedical Research Software FAIR: Actionable Step-by-step Guidelines with a User-support Tool" (in en). Scientific Data 10 (1): 557. doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02463-x. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC PMC10447492. PMID 37612312. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02463-x. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Du, Xinsong; Dastmalchi, Farhad; Ye, Hao; Garrett, Timothy J.; Diller, Matthew A.; Liu, Mei; Hogan, William R.; Brochhausen, Mathias et al. (6 February 2023). "Evaluating LC-HRMS metabolomics data processing software using FAIR principles for research software" (in en). Metabolomics 19 (2): 11. doi:10.1007/s11306-023-01974-3. ISSN 1573-3890. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11306-023-01974-3. 
  8. ↑ Olsen, C. (1 September 2023). "Embracing FAIR Data on the Path to AI-Readiness". Pharma's Almanac. https://www.pharmasalmanac.com/articles/embracing-fair-data-on-the-path-to-ai-readiness. Retrieved 03 May 2024. 
  9. ↑ Huerta, E. A.; Blaiszik, Ben; Brinson, L. Catherine; Bouchard, Kristofer E.; Diaz, Daniel; Doglioni, Caterina; Duarte, Javier M.; Emani, Murali et al. (26 July 2023). "FAIR for AI: An interdisciplinary and international community building perspective" (in en). Scientific Data 10 (1): 487. doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02298-6. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC PMC10372139. PMID 37495591. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02298-6. 
  10. ↑ Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Gu, Wei; Welter, Danielle; Abbassi Daloii, Tooba; Portell-Silva, Laura (30 June 2022). "Introducing the FAIR Principles". D2.1 FAIR Cookbook. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.6783564. https://zenodo.org/record/6783564. 
  11. ↑ Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Gu, Wei; Welter, Danielle; Abbassi Daloii, Tooba; Portell-Silva, Laura (30 June 2022). "Introduction". D2.1 FAIR Cookbook. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.6783564. https://zenodo.org/record/6783564. 
  12. ↑ Gruenpeter, Morane; Katz, Daniel S.; Lamprecht, Anna-Lena; Honeyman, Tom; Garijo, Daniel; Struck, Alexander; Niehues, Anna; Martinez, Paula Andrea et al. (13 September 2021). "Defining Research Software: a controversial discussion". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5504016. https://zenodo.org/record/5504016. 
  13. ↑ Moynihan, G. (7 July 2020). "The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Research Software Engineering: From PhD to RSE". Invenia Blog. Invenia Technical Computing Corporation. https://invenia.github.io/blog/2020/07/07/software-engineering/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Woolston, Chris (31 May 2022). "Why science needs more research software engineers" (in en). Nature: d41586–022–01516-2. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01516-2. ISSN 0028-0836. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01516-2. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cohen, Jeremy; Katz, Daniel S.; Barker, Michelle; Chue Hong, Neil; Haines, Robert; Jay, Caroline (1 January 2021). "The Four Pillars of Research Software Engineering". IEEE Software 38 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1109/MS.2020.2973362. ISSN 0740-7459. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8994167/. 


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