Difference between revisions of "Journal:A high-throughput method for the comprehensive analysis of terpenes and terpenoids in medicinal cannabis biomass"
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==Abstract== | ==Abstract== | ||
[[wikipedia:Cannabis|Cannabis]] and its secondary metabolite content have recently seen a surge in research interest. Cannabis [[wikipedia:Terpene|terpenes]] and [[wikipedia:Terpenoid|terpenoids]] in particular are increasingly the focus of research efforts due to the possibility of their contribution to the overall therapeutic effect of [[ | [[wikipedia:Cannabis|Cannabis]] and its secondary metabolite content have recently seen a surge in research interest. Cannabis [[wikipedia:Terpene|terpenes]] and [[wikipedia:Terpenoid|terpenoids]] in particular are increasingly the focus of research efforts due to the possibility of their contribution to the overall therapeutic effect of [[wikipedia:Medical cannabis|medicinal cannabis]]. Current methodology to quantify terpenes in cannabis biomass mostly relies on large quantities of biomass, long extraction protocols, and long [[gas chromatography]] (GC) gradient times, often exceeding 60 minutes. They are therefore not easily applicable in the high-throughput environment of a cannabis breeding program. The method presented here, however, is based on a simple [[wikipedia:Hexane|hexane]] extract from 40 mg of biomass, with 50 μg/mL [[wikipedia:Dodecane|dodecane]] as internal standard, and a gradient of less than 30 minutes. The method can detect 48 individual terpenes and terpenoids and was validated for selectivity, linearity, limit of detection/limit of quantitation (LOD/LOQ), precision, intermediate precision, and accuracy (recovery) for 22 terpenes and terpenoids. The validation parameters are comparable to previously published studies that employ significantly longer runtimes and/or more complex extraction protocols. It is currently being applied to medicinal cannabis precision breeding programs. | ||
'''Keywords''': cannabis volatiles, terpenes, terpenoids, profiling, high-throughput method | '''Keywords''': cannabis volatiles, terpenes, terpenoids, profiling, high-throughput method | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
''[[wikipedia:Cannabis|Cannabis]]'' is a genus of annual [[wikipedia:Dioecy|dioecious]] plants within the family [[wikipedia:Cannabaceae|Cannabaceae]] with a rich and complex constituency of pharmacologically relevant [[wikipedia:Phytochemical|phytochemicals]].<ref name="RussoTheCase19">{{cite journal |title=The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No "Strain," No Gain |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |author=Russo, E.B. |volume=9 |at=1969 |year=2019 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01969 |pmid=30687364 |pmc=PMC6334252}}</ref><ref name="RussoHistory07">{{cite journal |title=History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |author=Russo, E.B. |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1614-48 |year=2007 |doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790144 |pmid=17712811}}</ref> Under the [[wikipedia:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] (1961), cannabis was deemed to be a plant without medicinal purpose, a conclusion based on very little scientific evidence or clinical trial data.<ref name="WrightCanna17">{{cite web |url=https://www.everblucapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/EverBlu-Research-Cannabis-Industry-Report.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis Industry Report |author=Wright, R. |publisher=EverBlu Capital |date=24 November 2017 |accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref> As a result, [[wikipedia:Medical cannabis|medicinal use of cannabis]] was practically prohibited by its status as an illegal narcotic worldwide, and research into cannabis chemistry and biology was largely limited to law enforcement and [[Forensic science|forensics]] applications.<ref name="WhitingCanna15">{{cite journal |title=Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |author=Whiting, P.F.; Wolff, R.F.; Deshpande, S. et al. |volume=313 |issue=24 |pages=2456–73 |year=2015 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.6358 |pmid=26103030}}</ref> Changes in the attitudes towards cannabis across various societies and increasing evidence for the benefits of [[wikipedia:Cannabinoid|cannabinoids]] in the treatment of otherwise intractable conditions have precipitated recent changes to legislature in a number of jurisdictions, including Australia.<ref name="WrightCanna17" /> Interest in the medicinal uses of cannabis is increasing, as indicated by a growing number of review articles on the topic.<ref name="KlumpersABrief19">{{cite journal |title=A Brief Background on Cannabis: From Plant to Medical Indications |journal=Journal of AOAC International |author=Klumpers, L.E.; Thacker, D.L. |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=412–20 |year=2019 |doi=10.5740/jaoacint.18-0208 |pmid=30139415}}</ref><ref name="BoothTerpenes19">{{cite journal |title=Terpenes in Cannabis sativa - From plant genome to humans |journal=Plant Science |author=Booth, J.K.; Bohlmann, J. |volume=284 |pages=67–72 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022 |pmid=31084880}}</ref><ref name="PamplonaPotent18">{{cite journal |title=Potential Clinical Benefits of CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Over Purified CBD in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Observational Data Meta-analysis |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |author=Pamplona, F.A.; da Silva, L.R.; Coan, A.C. |volume=9 |pages=759 |year=2018 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2018.00759 |pmid=30258398 |pmc=PMC6143706}}</ref><ref name="BoniniCanna18">{{cite journal |title=Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |author=Bonini, S.A.; Premoli, M.; Tambaro, S. et al. |volume=227 |pages=300–15 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004 |pmid=30205181}}</ref> | |||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. | This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original includes an "in prep" citation at citation 8, but the citation appears to be about grapes and tobacco and not related to cannabis; it could not be verified as published and has been omitted for this version. | ||
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Revision as of 20:28, 27 July 2020
| Full article title | A high-throughput method for the comprehensive analysis of terpenes and terpenoids in medicinal cannabis biomass |
|---|---|
| Journal | Metabolites |
| Author(s) | Krill, Christian; Rochfort, Simone; Spangenberg, German |
| Author affiliation(s) | AgriBio, the Centre For AgriBioscience |
| Primary contact | Email: christian dot krill at agriculture dot vic dot gov dot au |
| Year published | 2020 |
| Volume and issue | 10(7) |
| Article # | 276 |
| DOI | 10.3390/metabo10070276 |
| ISSN | 2218-1989 |
| Distribution license | Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International |
| Website | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/7/276/htm |
| Download | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/7/276/pdf (PDF) |
 |
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Abstract
Cannabis and its secondary metabolite content have recently seen a surge in research interest. Cannabis terpenes and terpenoids in particular are increasingly the focus of research efforts due to the possibility of their contribution to the overall therapeutic effect of medicinal cannabis. Current methodology to quantify terpenes in cannabis biomass mostly relies on large quantities of biomass, long extraction protocols, and long gas chromatography (GC) gradient times, often exceeding 60 minutes. They are therefore not easily applicable in the high-throughput environment of a cannabis breeding program. The method presented here, however, is based on a simple hexane extract from 40 mg of biomass, with 50 μg/mL dodecane as internal standard, and a gradient of less than 30 minutes. The method can detect 48 individual terpenes and terpenoids and was validated for selectivity, linearity, limit of detection/limit of quantitation (LOD/LOQ), precision, intermediate precision, and accuracy (recovery) for 22 terpenes and terpenoids. The validation parameters are comparable to previously published studies that employ significantly longer runtimes and/or more complex extraction protocols. It is currently being applied to medicinal cannabis precision breeding programs.
Keywords: cannabis volatiles, terpenes, terpenoids, profiling, high-throughput method
Introduction
Cannabis is a genus of annual dioecious plants within the family Cannabaceae with a rich and complex constituency of pharmacologically relevant phytochemicals.[1][2] Under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), cannabis was deemed to be a plant without medicinal purpose, a conclusion based on very little scientific evidence or clinical trial data.[3] As a result, medicinal use of cannabis was practically prohibited by its status as an illegal narcotic worldwide, and research into cannabis chemistry and biology was largely limited to law enforcement and forensics applications.[4] Changes in the attitudes towards cannabis across various societies and increasing evidence for the benefits of cannabinoids in the treatment of otherwise intractable conditions have precipitated recent changes to legislature in a number of jurisdictions, including Australia.[3] Interest in the medicinal uses of cannabis is increasing, as indicated by a growing number of review articles on the topic.[5][6][7][8]
References
- ↑ Russo, E.B. (2019). "The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No "Strain," No Gain". Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 1969. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01969. PMC PMC6334252. PMID 30687364. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6334252.
- ↑ Russo, E.B. (2007). "History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet". Chemistry & Biodiversity 4 (8): 1614-48. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790144. PMID 17712811.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wright, R. (24 November 2017). "Cannabis Industry Report" (PDF). EverBlu Capital. https://www.everblucapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/EverBlu-Research-Cannabis-Industry-Report.pdf. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ Whiting, P.F.; Wolff, R.F.; Deshpande, S. et al. (2015). "Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA 313 (24): 2456–73. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358. PMID 26103030.
- ↑ Klumpers, L.E.; Thacker, D.L. (2019). "A Brief Background on Cannabis: From Plant to Medical Indications". Journal of AOAC International 102 (2): 412–20. doi:10.5740/jaoacint.18-0208. PMID 30139415.
- ↑ Booth, J.K.; Bohlmann, J. (2019). "Terpenes in Cannabis sativa - From plant genome to humans". Plant Science 284: 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. PMID 31084880.
- ↑ Pamplona, F.A.; da Silva, L.R.; Coan, A.C. (2018). "Potential Clinical Benefits of CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Over Purified CBD in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Observational Data Meta-analysis". Frontiers in Neurology 9: 759. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00759. PMC PMC6143706. PMID 30258398. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143706.
- ↑ Bonini, S.A.; Premoli, M.; Tambaro, S. et al. (2018). "Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 227: 300–15. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004. PMID 30205181.
Notes
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added. The original includes an "in prep" citation at citation 8, but the citation appears to be about grapes and tobacco and not related to cannabis; it could not be verified as published and has been omitted for this version.
