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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to near patient testing performed outside the central [[clinical laboratory]] by non-laboratory personnel. POCT provides a faster turnaround time (TAT) for test results, which allows rapid clinical decision making. This has led to early adoption in acute care settings such as operating rooms, intensive care units, and emergency departments within [[hospital]]s. There are increasing interests in expanding POCT to chronic disease management and community health in settings such as [[Physician office laboratory|primary care physician offices]], pharmacies, remote communities, and even in disaster relief initiatives and military operations.<ref name="NIBIBImproving07">{{cite journal |title=Improving healthcare accessibility through point-of-care technologies |journal=Clinical Chemistry |author=National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Science Foundation Workshop Faculty et al. |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=1665-75 |year=2007 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2006.084707 |pmid=17660275}}</ref><ref name="FüzéryChall19">{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Point-of-Care Testing in Ambulances |journal=Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine |author=Füzéry, A.K.; Bobyak, J.; Chang, E. et al. |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=293–95 |year=2019 |doi=10.1373/jalm.2019.029439 |pmid=31639680}}</ref><ref name="AlbasriImpact20">{{cite journal |title=Impact of point-of-care tests in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ Open |author=Albasri, A.; Van den Bruel, A.; Hayward, G. et al. |volume=10 |issue=5 |at=e034298 |year=2020 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034298 |pmid=32414821 |pmc=PMC7232628}}</ref> Rapid TAT is the most commonly cited reason for POCT, yet the clinical utilization of POCT should also ideally be evidence-based, cost-effective, and focus on improving patient outcomes.<ref name="PecoraroPoint14">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing: Where is the evidence? A systematic survey |journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |author=Pecoraro, V.; Germagnoli, L.; Banfi, G. |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=313–24 |year=2014 |doi=10.1515/cclm-2013-0386 |pmid=24038608}}</ref><ref name="FlorkowskiPoint17">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing (POCT) and evidence-based laboratory medicine (EBLM) - Does it leverage any advantage in clinical decision making? |journal=Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences |author=Florkowski, C.; Don-Wauchope, A.; Gimenez, N. et al. |volume=54 |issue=7–8 |pages=471–94 |year=2017 |doi=10.1080/10408363.2017.1399336 |pmid=29169287}}</ref><ref name="QuinnBarriers16">{{cite journal |title=Barriers to hospital-based clinical adoption of point-of-care testing (POCT): A systematic narrative review |journal=Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences |author=Quinn, A.D.; Dixon, D.; Meenan, B.J. |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=2016 |doi=10.3109/10408363.2015.1054984 |pmid=26292075}}</ref> A number of systematic reviews and narrative reviews on evidence-based POCT are ongoing.<ref name="PecoraroPoint14" /><ref name="FlorkowskiPoint17" /><ref name="QuinnBarriers16" /><ref name="HeneghanSelf16">{{cite journal |title=Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |author=Heneghan, C.J.; Garcia-Alamino, J.M.; Spencer, E.A. et al. |volume=7 |at=CD003839 |year=2016 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003839.pub3 |pmid=27378324}}</ref><ref name="AabenhusBiom14">{{cite journal |title=Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |author=Aabenhus, R.; Jensen, J.-U.S.; Jørgensen, K.J. et al. |volume=6 |issue=11 |at=CD010130 |year=2014 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010130.pub2 |pmid=25374293}}</ref><ref name="SharmaTheClin15">{{cite journal |title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care tests (CoaguChek system, INRatio2 PT/INR monitor and ProTime Microcoagulation system) for the self-monitoring of the coagulation status of people receiving long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy, compared with standard UK practice: Systematic review and economic evaluation |journal=Health Technology Assessment |author=Sharma, P.; Scotland, G.; Cruickshank, M. et al. |volume=19 |issue=48 |pages=1-172 |year=2015 |doi=10.3310/hta19480 |pmid=26138549 |pmc=PMC4780913}}</ref><ref name="McTaggartDiag14">{{cite journal |title=Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for detecting albuminuria: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |author=McTaggart, M.P.; Newall, R.G.; Hirst, J.A. et al. |volume=160 |issue=8 |pages=550–7 |year=2014 |doi=10.7326/M13-2331 |pmid=24733196}}</ref><ref name="ShivkumarAccur12">{{cite journal |title=Accuracy of rapid and point-of-care screening tests for hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |author=Shivkumar, S.; Peeling, R.; Jafari, Y. et al. |volume=157 |issue=8 |pages=558–66 |year=2012 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-8-201210160-00006 |pmid=23070489}}</ref><ref name="Al-AnsaryPoint11">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing for Hb A1c in the management of diabetes: A systematic review and metaanalysis |journal=Clinical Chemistry |author=Al-Ansary, L.; Farmer, A.; Hirst, J. et al. |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=568–76 |year=2011 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2010.157586 |pmid=21368238}}</ref><ref name="GialamasPoint10">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing for patients with diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or coagulation disorders in the general practice setting: A systematic review |journal=Family Practice |author=Gialamas, A.; St. John, A.; Laurence, C.O. et al. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |year=2010 |doi=10.1093/fampra/cmp084 |pmid=19969524}}</ref><ref name="PriceImprov18">{{cite journal |title=Improving the quality of point-of-care testing |journal=Family Practice |author=Price, C.P.; Smith, I.; Van den Bruel, A. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=358–64 |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/fampra/cmx120 |pmid=29253125}}</ref>
Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to near patient testing performed outside the central [[clinical laboratory]] by non-laboratory personnel. POCT provides a faster turnaround time (TAT) for test results, which allows rapid clinical decision making. This has led to early adoption in acute care settings such as operating rooms, intensive care units, and emergency departments within [[hospital]]s. There are increasing interests in expanding POCT to chronic disease management and community health in settings such as [[Physician office laboratory|primary care physician offices]], pharmacies, remote communities, and even in disaster relief initiatives and military operations.<ref name="NIBIBImproving07">{{cite journal |title=Improving healthcare accessibility through point-of-care technologies |journal=Clinical Chemistry |author=National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Science Foundation Workshop Faculty et al. |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=1665-75 |year=2007 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2006.084707 |pmid=17660275}}</ref><ref name="FüzéryChall19">{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Point-of-Care Testing in Ambulances |journal=Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine |author=Füzéry, A.K.; Bobyak, J.; Chang, E. et al. |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=293–95 |year=2019 |doi=10.1373/jalm.2019.029439 |pmid=31639680}}</ref><ref name="AlbasriImpact20">{{cite journal |title=Impact of point-of-care tests in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ Open |author=Albasri, A.; Van den Bruel, A.; Hayward, G. et al. |volume=10 |issue=5 |at=e034298 |year=2020 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034298 |pmid=32414821 |pmc=PMC7232628}}</ref> Rapid TAT is the most commonly cited reason for POCT, yet the clinical utilization of POCT should also ideally be evidence-based, cost-effective, and focus on improving patient outcomes.<ref name="PecoraroPoint14">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing: Where is the evidence? A systematic survey |journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |author=Pecoraro, V.; Germagnoli, L.; Banfi, G. |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=313–24 |year=2014 |doi=10.1515/cclm-2013-0386 |pmid=24038608}}</ref><ref name="FlorkowskiPoint17">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing (POCT) and evidence-based laboratory medicine (EBLM) - Does it leverage any advantage in clinical decision making? |journal=Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences |author=Florkowski, C.; Don-Wauchope, A.; Gimenez, N. et al. |volume=54 |issue=7–8 |pages=471–94 |year=2017 |doi=10.1080/10408363.2017.1399336 |pmid=29169287}}</ref><ref name="QuinnBarriers16">{{cite journal |title=Barriers to hospital-based clinical adoption of point-of-care testing (POCT): A systematic narrative review |journal=Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences |author=Quinn, A.D.; Dixon, D.; Meenan, B.J. |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |year=2016 |doi=10.3109/10408363.2015.1054984 |pmid=26292075}}</ref> A number of systematic reviews and narrative reviews on evidence-based POCT are ongoing.<ref name="PecoraroPoint14" /><ref name="FlorkowskiPoint17" /><ref name="QuinnBarriers16" /><ref name="HeneghanSelf16">{{cite journal |title=Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |author=Heneghan, C.J.; Garcia-Alamino, J.M.; Spencer, E.A. et al. |volume=7 |at=CD003839 |year=2016 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003839.pub3 |pmid=27378324}}</ref><ref name="AabenhusBiom14">{{cite journal |title=Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |author=Aabenhus, R.; Jensen, J.-U.S.; Jørgensen, K.J. et al. |volume=6 |issue=11 |at=CD010130 |year=2014 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010130.pub2 |pmid=25374293}}</ref><ref name="SharmaTheClin15">{{cite journal |title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care tests (CoaguChek system, INRatio2 PT/INR monitor and ProTime Microcoagulation system) for the self-monitoring of the coagulation status of people receiving long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy, compared with standard UK practice: Systematic review and economic evaluation |journal=Health Technology Assessment |author=Sharma, P.; Scotland, G.; Cruickshank, M. et al. |volume=19 |issue=48 |pages=1-172 |year=2015 |doi=10.3310/hta19480 |pmid=26138549 |pmc=PMC4780913}}</ref><ref name="McTaggartDiag14">{{cite journal |title=Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for detecting albuminuria: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |author=McTaggart, M.P.; Newall, R.G.; Hirst, J.A. et al. |volume=160 |issue=8 |pages=550–7 |year=2014 |doi=10.7326/M13-2331 |pmid=24733196}}</ref><ref name="ShivkumarAccur12">{{cite journal |title=Accuracy of rapid and point-of-care screening tests for hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |author=Shivkumar, S.; Peeling, R.; Jafari, Y. et al. |volume=157 |issue=8 |pages=558–66 |year=2012 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-8-201210160-00006 |pmid=23070489}}</ref><ref name="Al-AnsaryPoint11">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing for Hb A1c in the management of diabetes: A systematic review and metaanalysis |journal=Clinical Chemistry |author=Al-Ansary, L.; Farmer, A.; Hirst, J. et al. |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=568–76 |year=2011 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2010.157586 |pmid=21368238}}</ref><ref name="GialamasPoint10">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing for patients with diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or coagulation disorders in the general practice setting: A systematic review |journal=Family Practice |author=Gialamas, A.; St. John, A.; Laurence, C.O. et al. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |year=2010 |doi=10.1093/fampra/cmp084 |pmid=19969524}}</ref><ref name="PriceImprov18">{{cite journal |title=Improving the quality of point-of-care testing |journal=Family Practice |author=Price, C.P.; Smith, I.; Van den Bruel, A. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=358–64 |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/fampra/cmx120 |pmid=29253125}}</ref>
As demands for POCT have increased, managing the quality and regulatory compliance of POCT programs has continually proved challenging. Since POCT is performed by non-laboratory personnel, many clinical staff may not be familiar with quality laboratory practices, including compliance to testing procedures, [[quality assurance]] practices, and [[Regulatory compliance|regulatory requirements]]. Despite the availability of national and international guidance, as well as [[Specification (technical standard)|standards documents]] developed by professional and government bodies<ref name="NicholsAACC20">{{cite journal |title=AACC Guidance Document on Management of Point-of-Care Testing |journal=Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine |author=Nichols, J.H.; Alter, D.; Chen, Y. et al. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=762–87 |year=2020 |doi=10.1093/jalm/jfaa059 |pmid=32496555}}</ref><ref name="YipPoint18">{{cite journal |title=Point-of-care testing: A position statement from the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists |journal=Clinical Biochemistry |author=Yip, P.M.; Venner, A.A.; Shea, J. et al. |volume=53 |pages=156–59 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.01.015 |pmid=29395090}}</ref><ref name="NicholsExec07">{{cite journal |title=Executive summary. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guideline: Evidence-based practice for point-of-care testing |journal=Clinica Chimica Acta |author=Nichols, J.H.; Christenson, R.H.; Clarke, W. et al. |volume=379 |issue=1–2 |pages=14–28 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cca.2006.12.025 |pmid=17270169}}</ref><ref name="IFCCThinking14">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifcc.org/media/253664/2014%2003%2020%20Thinking%20of%20Introducing%20PoCT%20-%20Things%20to%20Consider.pdf |format=PDF |title=Thinking of Introducing PoCT - Things to Consider |author=International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |pages=19 |date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="CLSIEssential16">{{cite book |url=https://clsi.org/standards/products/point-of-care-testing/documents/poct04/ |title=POCT04 - Essential Tools for Implementation and Management of a Point-of-Care Testing Program |author=Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute |edition=3rd |pages=74 |year=2016 |isbn=1562389386}}</ref><ref name="EhrmeyerRegul09">{{cite journal |title=Regulatory compliance for point-of-care testing: 2009 United States perspective |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |author=Ehrmeyer, S.S.; Laessig, R.H. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=463–78 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.06.012 |pmid=19840680}}</ref><ref name="CLSISelection10">{{cite book |url=https://clsi.org/standards/products/point-of-care-testing/documents/poct09/ |title=POCT09 - Selection Criteria for Point-of-Care Testing Devices |author=Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute |edition=1st |pages=72 |year=2010 |isbn=1562387227}}</ref><ref name="CLSIQuality10">{{cite book |url=https://clsi.org/standards/products/point-of-care-testing/documents/poct07/ |title=POCT07 - Quality Management: Approaches to Reducing Errors at the Point of Care |author=Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute |edition=1st |pages=68 |year=2010 |isbn=1562387340}}</ref>, a systematic review identified quality assurance, regulatory, and [[Information management|data management]] issues as recurrent, which are significant barriers to clinical implementation of POCT.<ref name="QuinnBarriers16" />




Revision as of 17:09, 10 November 2020

Full article title Utilizing connectivity and data management systems for effective quality management
and regulatory compliance in point-of-care testing
Journal Practical Laboratory Medicine
Author(s) Fung, Angela W.S.
Author affiliation(s) St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia
Primary contact Email: afung7 at providencehealth dot bc dot ca
Year published 2020
Volume and issue 22
Page(s) e00187
DOI 10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00187
ISSN 2352-5517
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Website https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352551720301505
Download https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352551720301505/pdfft (PDF)
Emblem-important-yellow.svg This article should be considered a work in progress and incomplete. Consider this article incomplete until this notice is removed.

Abstract

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is one of the fastest growing disciplines in clinical laboratory medicine. POCT devices are widely used in both acute and chronic patient management in the hospital and primary care physician office settings. As demands for POCT in various healthcare settings increase, managing POCT testing quality and regulatory compliance are continually challenging. Despite technological advances in applying automatic system checks and built-in quality control to prevent analytical and operator errors, poor planning for POCT connectivity and informatics can limit data accessibility and management efficiency which impedes the utilization of POCT to its full potential. This article will summarize how connectivity and data management systems can improve timely access to POCT results, effective management of POCT programs, and ensure regulatory compliance.

Keywords: point-of-care testing, data management, quality assurance, electronic medical record

Introduction

Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to near patient testing performed outside the central clinical laboratory by non-laboratory personnel. POCT provides a faster turnaround time (TAT) for test results, which allows rapid clinical decision making. This has led to early adoption in acute care settings such as operating rooms, intensive care units, and emergency departments within hospitals. There are increasing interests in expanding POCT to chronic disease management and community health in settings such as primary care physician offices, pharmacies, remote communities, and even in disaster relief initiatives and military operations.[1][2][3] Rapid TAT is the most commonly cited reason for POCT, yet the clinical utilization of POCT should also ideally be evidence-based, cost-effective, and focus on improving patient outcomes.[4][5][6] A number of systematic reviews and narrative reviews on evidence-based POCT are ongoing.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

As demands for POCT have increased, managing the quality and regulatory compliance of POCT programs has continually proved challenging. Since POCT is performed by non-laboratory personnel, many clinical staff may not be familiar with quality laboratory practices, including compliance to testing procedures, quality assurance practices, and regulatory requirements. Despite the availability of national and international guidance, as well as standards documents developed by professional and government bodies[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], a systematic review identified quality assurance, regulatory, and data management issues as recurrent, which are significant barriers to clinical implementation of POCT.[6]


Abbreviations

DMS: data management system

EMR: electronic medical record

HIS: hospital information system

LIS: laboratory information system

POCT: point-of-care testing

TAT: turnaround time

QC: quality control

References

  1. ↑ National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Science Foundation Workshop Faculty et al. (2007). "Improving healthcare accessibility through point-of-care technologies". Clinical Chemistry 53 (9): 1665-75. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.084707. PMID 17660275. 
  2. ↑ Füzéry, A.K.; Bobyak, J.; Chang, E. et al. (2019). "Challenges of Point-of-Care Testing in Ambulances". Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 4 (2): 293–95. doi:10.1373/jalm.2019.029439. PMID 31639680. 
  3. ↑ Albasri, A.; Van den Bruel, A.; Hayward, G. et al. (2020). "Impact of point-of-care tests in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open 10 (5): e034298. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034298. PMC PMC7232628. PMID 32414821. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7232628. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pecoraro, V.; Germagnoli, L.; Banfi, G. (2014). "Point-of-care testing: Where is the evidence? A systematic survey". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 52 (3): 313–24. doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0386. PMID 24038608. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Florkowski, C.; Don-Wauchope, A.; Gimenez, N. et al. (2017). "Point-of-care testing (POCT) and evidence-based laboratory medicine (EBLM) - Does it leverage any advantage in clinical decision making?". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 54 (7–8): 471–94. doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1399336. PMID 29169287. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Quinn, A.D.; Dixon, D.; Meenan, B.J. (2016). "Barriers to hospital-based clinical adoption of point-of-care testing (POCT): A systematic narrative review". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 53 (1): 1–12. doi:10.3109/10408363.2015.1054984. PMID 26292075. 
  7. ↑ Heneghan, C.J.; Garcia-Alamino, J.M.; Spencer, E.A. et al. (2016). "Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7: CD003839. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003839.pub3. PMID 27378324. 
  8. ↑ Aabenhus, R.; Jensen, J.-U.S.; Jørgensen, K.J. et al. (2014). "Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6 (11): CD010130. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010130.pub2. PMID 25374293. 
  9. ↑ Sharma, P.; Scotland, G.; Cruickshank, M. et al. (2015). "The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care tests (CoaguChek system, INRatio2 PT/INR monitor and ProTime Microcoagulation system) for the self-monitoring of the coagulation status of people receiving long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy, compared with standard UK practice: Systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technology Assessment 19 (48): 1-172. doi:10.3310/hta19480. PMC PMC4780913. PMID 26138549. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780913. 
  10. ↑ McTaggart, M.P.; Newall, R.G.; Hirst, J.A. et al. (2014). "Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for detecting albuminuria: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine 160 (8): 550–7. doi:10.7326/M13-2331. PMID 24733196. 
  11. ↑ Shivkumar, S.; Peeling, R.; Jafari, Y. et al. (2012). "Accuracy of rapid and point-of-care screening tests for hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine 157 (8): 558–66. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-8-201210160-00006. PMID 23070489. 
  12. ↑ Al-Ansary, L.; Farmer, A.; Hirst, J. et al. (2011). "Point-of-care testing for Hb A1c in the management of diabetes: A systematic review and metaanalysis". Clinical Chemistry 57 (4): 568–76. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.157586. PMID 21368238. 
  13. ↑ Gialamas, A.; St. John, A.; Laurence, C.O. et al. (2010). "Point-of-care testing for patients with diabetes, hyperlipidaemia or coagulation disorders in the general practice setting: A systematic review". Family Practice 27 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp084. PMID 19969524. 
  14. ↑ Price, C.P.; Smith, I.; Van den Bruel, A. (2018). "Improving the quality of point-of-care testing". Family Practice 35 (4): 358–64. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmx120. PMID 29253125. 
  15. ↑ Nichols, J.H.; Alter, D.; Chen, Y. et al. (2020). "AACC Guidance Document on Management of Point-of-Care Testing". Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 5 (4): 762–87. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa059. PMID 32496555. 
  16. ↑ Yip, P.M.; Venner, A.A.; Shea, J. et al. (2018). "Point-of-care testing: A position statement from the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists". Clinical Biochemistry 53: 156–59. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.01.015. PMID 29395090. 
  17. ↑ Nichols, J.H.; Christenson, R.H.; Clarke, W. et al. (2007). "Executive summary. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guideline: Evidence-based practice for point-of-care testing". Clinica Chimica Acta 379 (1–2): 14–28. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.12.025. PMID 17270169. 
  18. ↑ International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (20 March 2014). "Thinking of Introducing PoCT - Things to Consider" (PDF). pp. 19. http://www.ifcc.org/media/253664/2014%2003%2020%20Thinking%20of%20Introducing%20PoCT%20-%20Things%20to%20Consider.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2016). POCT04 - Essential Tools for Implementation and Management of a Point-of-Care Testing Program (3rd ed.). pp. 74. ISBN 1562389386. https://clsi.org/standards/products/point-of-care-testing/documents/poct04/. 
  20. ↑ Ehrmeyer, S.S.; Laessig, R.H. (2009). "Regulatory compliance for point-of-care testing: 2009 United States perspective". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 29 (3): 463–78. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2009.06.012. PMID 19840680. 
  21. ↑ Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2010). POCT09 - Selection Criteria for Point-of-Care Testing Devices (1st ed.). pp. 72. ISBN 1562387227. https://clsi.org/standards/products/point-of-care-testing/documents/poct09/. 
  22. ↑ Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2010). POCT07 - Quality Management: Approaches to Reducing Errors at the Point of Care (1st ed.). pp. 68. ISBN 1562387340. https://clsi.org/standards/products/point-of-care-testing/documents/poct07/. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Grammar was cleaned up for smoother reading. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.

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