LII:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources
Contents
- 1 6. Final thoughts and resources
- 1.1 6.1 Final thoughts
- 1.2 6.2 Key reading and reference material
- 1.3 6.3 Publications and blogs
- 1.4 6.4 Education and training
- 1.5 6.5 Scientific conferences and trade shows
- 1.6 6.6 Associations, organizations, and interest groups
- 1.7 6.7 Consultancy and support services
- 1.8 6.8 Licensed cultivators
- 1.9 6.9 Testing labs and pricing info
- 2 References
- 3 Citation information for this chapter
This last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.
6. Final thoughts and resources
6.1 Final thoughts
This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of—and speculation on—a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (at least in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers—whether on their own or with the help of others internationally—are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.
Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.
6.2 Key reading and reference material
6.2.1 Key reading
- Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). "Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf.
- Audino, S. (07 February 2018). "Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS". Cannabis Industry Journal. https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims/.
- Cassiday, L. (October 2016). "The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016.
- Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf.
- Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). "Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry". LabCompare. https://www.labcompare.com/10-Featured-Articles/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry/.
- Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). "Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3 (1): 108-16. doi:10.1089/can.2018.29011.rtl. PMC PMC5931647. PMID 29789812. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647.
- Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf.
6.2.2 Reference material
- Amin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. (2019). "Pharmacology of medical cannabis". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1162: 151–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_8. PMID 31332738.
- Chambers, R. (08 August 2013). "Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/glossary-of-cannabis-terms.
- Douglas, S.E. (January 2021). "LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing". CannaQA Wiki. https://www.cannaqa.wiki/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing.
- ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. (2017). "Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 103: 1–36. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1. PMID 28120229.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). "The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research". The National Academies Press. pp. 440. doi:10.17226/24625. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state.
- National Cancer Institute (06 November 2020). "Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)–Health Professional Version". https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq.
- National Conference of State Legislatures (2018). "Marijuana Deep Dive". https://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). "Marijuana Research Report". https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/letter-director.
- Office of National Drug Control Policy. "Marijuana Resource Center". Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20170117133745/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo.
- Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. (2016). Thomas, B.F. ed. The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis. Elsevier. pp. 132. ISBN 9780128046708. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ.
- World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510240.
Law and regulation
- "Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits". ProCon.org. 03 December 2020. https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc/.
- "Recreational Marijuana Laws in the United States". Leafly's Guide to Marijuana Legalization. Leafly Holdings, Inc. November 2020. https://www.leafly.com/learn/legalization/recreational-states.
- "Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019. https://public.findlaw.com/cannabis-law/starting-a-cannabis-business/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html.
- Horn, J.; Bogot, W. (08 January 2021). "National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations". Fox Rothschild LLP. https://www.foxrothschild.com/publications/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations/.
- National Conference of State Legislatures (11 January 2021). "State Medical Marijuana Laws". https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx.
- Rough, Lisa; Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). "Cannabis Testing Regulations: A State-by-state Guide". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (22 January 2021). "FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)". https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd.
Standards and guidance
- American Council of Independent Laboratories (2020). "Cannabis Working Group - ACIL". https://www.acil.org/page/Cannibis_Working_Group. (See the link to "CanNaLap Laboratory Requirements" and "CanNaLap Requirements for Accreditation Bodies" for cannabis laboratory accreditation materials from ACIL)
- Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (2020). "Cannabis Analytical Science Program, Standard Method Performance Requirements". https://www.aoac.org/resources/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPR&key=.
- ASTM International. "Committee D37 on Cannabis". https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm. (See each sub-committee for proposed and approved standards)
- Cannabis Control Commission (01 December 2017). "Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries" (Word). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. pp. 21. https://www.mass.gov/doc/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1/download.
- Cannabis Committee, AHPA (02 February 2016). "Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf.
- Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. (February 2020). "Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/87509/download.
- Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https://herbal-ahp.org/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph/.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (19 September 2018). "Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)". https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (20 February 2016). "Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)". https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html.
Testing
- American Council of Independent Laboratories (2019). "Cannabis Testing Recommendations". https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acil.org/resource/resmgr/cannabis/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (2020). "Cannabis Testing". https://www.aphl.org/programs/environmental_health/Pages/Cannabis-Testing.aspx.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf.
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (2020). "Marijuana reference library". https://cdphe.colorado.gov/laboratory-services/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities/marijuana-reference-library.
- Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). "Testing Cannabis for Contaminants" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (12 January 2021). "NIST Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP)". National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (September 2009). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf. (Note year; still provides historical perspective)
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2013). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf.
New York State Department of Health:
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (10 November 2020). "Measurement of Mycotoxins in Medical Marijuana by LC-MS/MS, NYS DOH MML-303, Revision 5.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 40. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-05.1%20final.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (13 January 2021). "Measurement of Phytocannabinoids in Medical Marijuana using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300, Revision 6" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 37. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-06.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (06 November 2019). "Medical Marijuana Sample Preparation Protocols for Potency Analysis, NYS DOH MML-301, Revision 5" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 18. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/1495494332/MML-301-01.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (14 January 2020). "Metals and Metalloids in Medical Marijuana Products by ICP-MS, NYS DOH LINC-250, Revision 2" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 26. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-02%20final_0.pdf.
- For all other methods documents, see https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana.
Accreditation and certification
- American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA). "Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://www.a2la.org/accreditation/cannabis-testing.
- Americans for Safe Access Foundation. "Patient Focused Certification". https://safeaccess2.org/patientfocusedcertification/.
- ANSI National Accreditation Board. "ANAB Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://anab.ansi.org/laboratory-accreditation/cannabis-testing.
- Certified Kind, LLC. "Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis". https://www.certified-kind.com/.
- Clean Green Certified. "Clean Green Certified". https://cleangreencertified.com/.
- Emerald Scientific, LLC. "The Emerald Test". https://pt.emeraldscientific.com/.
- International Accreditation Service. "Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation". https://www.iasonline.org/services/cannabis-testing-laboratory/.
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center. "Environmental Laboratory Approval Program". https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap.
- Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. "Oregon's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/LaboratoryServices/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation/Pages/index.aspx.
- Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc. "Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation". https://www.pjlabs.com/accreditation-programs/cannabis-testing.
6.3 Publications and blogs
- Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Cannabis Business Executive
- Cannabis Industry Journal
- Cannabis Science and Technology
- Cannabis Science Blog
- The Cannabist
- Marijuana Business Daily
- Marijuana Moment
- MedicalJane
- Nature Outlook: Cannabis
- O’Shaughnessy’s
- Terpenes and Testing Magazine
- Tracking Cannabis - Thomas Coburn LLP
6.4 Education and training
- 420 College
- Academy of Cannabis Science
- Alaska Cannabis Institute
- Cannabis Career Institute
- Cannabis Industry Institute
- Cannabis Training Institute
- Cannabis Training University
- Clark University (Certificate)
- Cleveland School of Cannabis
- Clover Leaf University
- Medical Cannabis Caregivers
- Medical Cannabis Institute
- Oaksterdam University
- Oregon Cannabis Institute
- Southern Cannabis Institute
- Trichome Institute
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy (Masters)
6.5 Scientific conferences and trade shows
Below are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis. For additional options, consult NisonCo's list for 2021.
- "Cannabis and Medicinal Research Conference". Conference Series, LLC. https://cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com/.
- "Cannabis Business Summit and Expo". National Cannabis Industry Association. https://cannabisbusinesssummit.com/.
- "Cannabis Conference". GIE Media, Inc. https://www.cannabisconference.com/.
- "Concentration 2021: A Cannabinoid Extraction Conference". Extraction Magazine. https://www.eventsquid.com/event.cfm?id=7698.
- "CannaTech". iCAN Israel Cannabis. https://www.canna-tech.co/.
- "CannX". Paragon Israel. https://cannx.org/.
- "Emerald Conference". Emerald Scientific, LLC. https://theemeraldconference.com/.
- "Institute of Cannabis Research Conference". Colorado State University - Pueblo. https://www.csupueblo.edu/institute-of-cannabis-research/.
- "International Cannabis Business Conference". International Conferences Group, LLC. https://internationalcbc.com/.
- "Marijuana Business Conference & Expo". Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https://mjbizconference.com/.
- "National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics". Patients Out of Time. https://patientsoutoftime.com/.
6.6 Associations, organizations, and interest groups
Global and national
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Regional
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6.7 Consultancy and support services
The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):
- 3C Consulting
- Allay Cannabis Consulting
- American Cannabis Company
- Be Green Legal
- BelCosta Labs
- Canadian Cannabis Dispute Resolution Centre
- Canna Advisors
- Canna Consulting Group
- Cannabis Consulting Group
- Cannabis Consulting Nationwide
- Cannabis Legal Group
- Elite Diagnostics
- Flourish Software
- FTI Consulting
- Green Rush Consulting
- Grow Green Cannabis Consulting
- Higher Yields Cannabis Consulting
- Highroad Consulting Group
- Hypur
- Insight Cannabis Consulting
- Medicine Man Technologies
- Michigan Cannabis Lawyers
- Mindful Cannabis Consulting
- MJ Freeway
- NorCal Cannabis Consultants
- PhytoSciences Consultants
- Quantum 9
- Rhine Laboratories
- RMMC Consulting
- Rocky Mountain Cannabis Consulting
- SIVA
- Steep Hill
- Straight Line Analytics
- Vitale Scientific Associates
- The Werc Shop
6.8 Licensed cultivators
This information is based largely on state-supplied resources and is up-to-date as of February 28, 2020.
6.8.1 Canada
Canada's cultivators are licensed by the federal government. The country has 43 cultivation licenses, which can be viewed on their licensed cultivators, processors, and sellers page. A variety of fees are applied to applicants, including application fees, security clearance fees, import/export fees, and annual regulatory fees. Consult the country's Cannabis Fees Order Guide for details.
6.8.2 United States
Alaska:
The state boasts 95 Limited and 117 Standard Marijuana Cultivation Facilities. The state differentiates a "limited" facility as one with 500 square feet or less of grow operation space, whereas "standard" facilities have no such limitation.[1] To review the entire list of 200+ cultivation facilities, go to https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/amco/ and look for the link "Licenses and Applications by Status."
Licensing fees for limited are $1,000, and $5,000 for standard.[2]
Arizona:
The government ties cultivation to dispensaries. However, Arizona state law prohibits making public a list of dispensaries, so the state's cultivators/dispensaries are not publicly known.[3]
Arkansas:
The five cultivation facilities for Arkansas are[4]:
- Bold Team, LLC (Cotton Plant)
- Delta Medical Cannabis Co. (Newport)
- Natural State Medicinals Cultivation, LLC (White Hall)
- Natural State Wellness Enterprises, LLC (Newport)
- Osage Creek Cultivation, LLC (Berryville)
As of January 19, 2020, four of the five were up and running, with Delta Medical awaiting final inspections.[5]
The five facilities were licensed after paying a $100,000 license fee and a $500,000 performance bond.[6]
California:
The state of California has approximately more than 2,100 unique cannabis adult-use and medicinal-use cultivators of provisional and annual status. As of January 1, 2019, the state no longer has the authority to issue temporary licenses, though normal adult-use and medicinal-use cultivation licenses can still be applied for.[7] To review the entire list of more than 850 unique cultivation businesses (note: some companies have more than one license), go to https://aca6.accela.com/CALCANNABIS/Cap/CapHome.aspx?module=Licenses, select the license type, then select "Active" from the License Status. (Active licenses won't be older than January 1, 2018.)
Application and license fees vary depending on facility type. Consult the FAQ's "How much do application/license fees cost?" for the latest regulatory text indicating these fees.
Colorado:
The state has more than 360 unique medical-use and more than 600 unique adult-use cultivators. To review the two lists in their entirety, go to https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/enforcement/med-licensed-facilities and select the PDF or Excel file labeled "Cultivations" under each column.
Cultivation application and license fees vary based upon operation size. The base fee for everyone is Tier 1 (1 – 1,800 plants) - $1,500.00.[8]
For cultivators who wish to expand their operations, the following is paid in addition to the Tier 1 fee[8]:
- Tier 2 (1,801 – 3,600 plants) - $1,000.00
- Tier 3 (3,601 – 6,000 plants) - $2,000.00
- Tier 4 (6,001 – 10,200 plants) - $4,000.00
- Tier 5 (10,201 – 13,800 plants) - $6,000.00
- Each additional tier of 3,600 plants over Tier 5 - $1,000.00
Connecticut:
According to Connecticut's license lookup for medical marijuana producers, the four entities are licensed to cultivate in the state:
The state is not currently accepting new applications. However, the application fees for licenses were $25,000 for the initial applications, a $75,000 registration fee, and a $75,000 renewal fee.[9]
Delaware:
The state's cultivation facilities are vertically integrated with its dispensaries, i.e., dispensaries are also cultivators. The three entities operating cultivation centers in Delaware are[10][11]:
- Columbia Care, LLC (three locations)
- Compassionate Care Research Institute, Inc.
- First State Compassion Center, Inc. (two locations)
These compassion centers pay a $40,000 license fee ever two years.[12]
The state is not currently accepting new applications.
District of Columbia:
The District of Columbia allows eight cultivators to operate[13]:
- Abatin Wellness Center Of The District Of Columbia, LLC
- Apelles Investment Management, LLC dba Columbia Care
- District Growers, LLC
- Holistic Remedies, LLC
- Montana Apothecary, LLC dba Alternative Solutions
- Organic Wellness, LLC
- Phyto Management, LLC
- VentureForth, LLC dba Center City Cultivation
The state is not currently accepting new applications.
Florida:
The state's cultivation is vertically integrated with it its other cannabis functions, and "medical marijuana treatment centers are the only businesses allowed to grow, process or sell medical marijuana in Florida."[14] However, vertical integration may be removed as a requirement in 2020, though that progress has stalled.[15] The state currently has 14 medical marijuana treatment centers[14]:
- 3 Boys Farm, LLC
- Acreage Florida, Inc. dba Green Owl Pharms[16]
- CCF HoldCo, LLC dba Columbia Care Florida
- Curaleaf Florida, LLC dba Curaleaf
- DFMMJ Investments, LLC dba Liberty Health Sciences
- Green Thumb Industries Investments, LLC dba RiSE Dispensaries
- GrowHealthy Farms Florida, LLC dba GrowHealthy
- Harvest Health & Recreation, Inc.
- Knox Management Services, LLC dba Knox Medical (Going through a name change)
- MM Enterprises, USA, LLC dba MedMen
- NuTrae, LLC dba AltMed Florida (MüV)
- Surterra Holdings, Inc. dba Surterra Wellness
- Trulieve, Inc.
- Vidacann, Ltd.
The state is not currently accepting new applications. Its application fee was reported to be $60,830.[17]
Hawaii:
The state of Hawaii allows for eight entities to grow and distribute medical marijuana, with each entity able to have two production centers and two dispensaries. Each production center is limited to a maximum of 5,000 cannabis plants. Those eight entities are[18]:
- Aloha Green Holdings, Inc. dba Aloha Green Apothecary
- Green Aloha, Ltd.
- Hawaiian Ethos, LLC
- Lau Ola, LLC dba Big Island Grown (B.I.G.) Dispensaries
- Mānoa Botanicals, LLC dba Noa Botanicals
- Maui Wellness Group, LLC dba Maui Grown Therapies
- Pono Life Sciences, LLC
- TCG Retro Market 1, LLC dba Cure Oahu
The state is not currently accepting new applications. It's application fee was $5,000, initial license fee $75,000, and license renewal fee $50,000.[19]
Illinois:
Illinois law allows up to 22 cultivation centers to be established in the state, with the intent being to create a center in each police district. The current cultivation centers are (some entities have centers in more than one district)[20][21]:
- Ataraxia, LLC
- Bedford Grow, LLC
- Compass Ventures, Inc.
- Cresco Labs, LLC
- Curative Health Cultivation, LLC dba Columbia Care Illinois
- Effingham Medicinal Farms, LLC
- GTI Oglesby LLC and GTI Rock Island, LLC
- IESO, LLC
- Illinois Grown Medicine, LLC
- In Grown Farms, LLC
- Nature’s Grace and Wellness, LLC
- PharmaCann, LLC
- Progressive Treatment Solutions, LLC
- Revolution Cannabis - Barry, LLC and Revolution Cannabis - Delavan, LLC
- Shelbyville County Community Services, Inc.
- Wellness Group Pharms, LLC
The state is not currently accepting new applications. Fees associated with a cultivation center include a $25,000 application fee, a $200,000 first-year license fee, and a $100,000 annual license fee afterwards.[22]
Louisiana:
Difficulties meeting laboratory testing requirements and acquisitions involving a grow operation have slowed down the progress of getting the state's growing operations started.[23][24] Two growing operations are coming online in 2019, however.[25] Those operations are[25][24]:
- GBSciences, Inc., hired by Louisiana State University, then sold to Wellcana Plus, LLC
- Ilera Holistic Healthcare, which bought Advanced Biomedics, originally hired by Southern University
Maine:
Cultivation and manufacturing is vertically integrated with dispensaries. The state currently allows for eight such facilities, which are run by five entities[26]:
- Canuvo, Inc.
- Northeast Patients Group dba Wellness Connection of Maine (four locations)
- Primary Organic Therapy, Inc. dba Maine Organic Therapy
- Remedy Compassion Center, Inc. dba CuraLeaf Auburn
- Safe Alternatives
Applications don't currently appear to be accepted. Registration fees were $12,000, and a moving fee of $4,000 was also required.[27]
Maryland:
The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Maryland currently has 14 licensed growers[28]:
- Curio Cultivation, LLC
- Doctors Orders Maryland, LLC
- ForwardGro, LLC
- Freestate Wellness, LLC
- Green Leaf Medical, LLC
- Grow West MD, LLC
- Harvest of Maryland Cultivation, LLC
- HMS Health, LLC
- Holistic Industries, Inc.
- Kind Therapeutics USA, LLC
- Maryland Compassionate Care and Wellness, LLC dba as Grassroots Cannabis
- MaryMed, LLC
- Shore Natural Rx, LLC
- SunMed Growers LLC
- Temescal Wellness
The state opened the application process again for growers and processors, with applications being accepted from March 25 to May 24, 2019. (Seeking to add four new growers and 10 new processors.) The state requires a $2,000 application fee[29] and a $250,000 two-year license fee.[30] As of February 2020, the announcement of the new approved growers and processors was delayed due to an investigation into the fairness of the approval process.[31]
Massachusetts:
The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Massachusetts currently has 26 licensed cultivators[32]:
- Alternative Therapies Group, Inc.
- Berkshire Roots, Inc.
- Caregiver-Patient Connection
- Commcan, Inc.
- Cultivate Holdings, LLC
- Curaleaf Massachusetts, Inc.
- Garden Remedies, Inc.
- Good Chemistry of Massachusetts, Inc.
- Green Lady Dispensary, Inc.
- Hope Heal Health, Inc.
- In Good Health, Inc.
- I.N.S.A., Inc.
- M3 Ventures, Inc.
- Mass Alternative Care, Inc.
- Mayflower Medicinals, Inc.
- Nature’s Remedy of Massachusetts, Inc.
- New England Treatment Access, LLC
- Northeast Alternatives, Inc.
- Nova Farms, LLC
- Patriot Care Corp.
- Revolutionary Clinics II, Inc.
- RISE Holdings, Inc.
- Sanctuary Medicinals, Inc.
- SIRA Naturals, Inc.
- Temescal Wellness of Massachusetts Holdings, LLC
- Theory Wellness, Inc.
Application and license fees vary based on how many plants are to be grown in the cultivation facility. Refer to the Cannabis Control Commission's guidance document "Guidance for Application and License Fees" for details.
Michigan:
The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Michigan currently has 87 licensed cultivators[33]:
- 13774 Buena Vista, LLC
- 3843 Euclid, LLC
- 818 Terminal Road, LLC
- A & H Partners, LLC
- A2BG, LLC
- Adams Family Farms, LLC
- AEY Capital, LLC
- Alvarez Cultivation, LLC
- Arbor Farm I, LLC
- Attitude Wellness, LLC
- Aunt Sparkie's, Inc.
- Baudville, Inc.
- BlueSol Biomedical, LLC
- Cannrose, Inc.
- Center Creek, LLC
- Central Coast Horticultural, LLC
- Choice Labs, LLC
- Connorberry Farms, LLC
- Country Boy Farms, LLC
- CRG Buds, LLC
- DCAD, LLC
- Detroit Bud Company, Inc.
- DJR Michigan Properties, LLC
- DLG & Associates, LLC
- Dragonfly Kitchen, Inc.
- Driven Grow, LLC
- EPS I, LLC
- Exclusive Brands, LLC
- Faleo Manufacturing Strategies, LLC
- Fluresh, LLC
- Free Reign, LLC
- Gage Cannabis Company
- Glacial Farms, LLC
- Golden Harvests, LLC
- Grass Lakes Property Investors, LLC
- Great Lakes Cultivation, LLC
- Great Lakes Natural Remedies, Inc.
- Green Peak Industries, LLC
- Green Standard Cultivation, LLC
- Ground Control Michigan, LLC
- Healing Organic Garden, LLC
- Helios-Lang, LLC
- HG Lansing, LLC
- Holistic Research Group, Inc.
- Jartnick Consulting, LLC
- Kinne's Intense Living Organics Farms, LLC
- Kula Farms, LLC
- Larren Investments, LLC
- Liberty Wellness, LLC
- LivWell Enlightened Health, LLC
- Lost Leaf, LLC
- Med Farm of Michigan, Inc.
- Medical Greens, Inc.
- MI Loud Flower Farms, LLC
- MM Agriculture, LLC
- Morenci Brothers Holding Group, LLC
- New Genetics, LLC
- Next Level Wellness, LLC
- Old Dune Farm, LLC
- OrganiLife of Michigan, LLC
- Pharmaco, Inc.
- PincannaRX, LLC
- Pistolesi, LLC
- PM Growers, LLC
- Pure Green, LLC
- QPS Michigan Holdings, LLC
- R L Solutions, LLC dba Real Leaf Solutions
- R-PTN Haltiner, LLC
- Redbud Roots Lab III, LLC
- Rehbel Industries, LLC
- River Flats Ag., LLC
- Scientific Method Research, LLC
- SJS II, LLC
- Sozo Health, Inc.
- T-Rex 1 Corp.
- TheCalmic, LLC
- TriMed Sustainable Solution, LLC
- Trucenta, LLC
- TruGro, LLC
- Two Buds, LLC
- Uncle Buds Provisioning Center, LLC
- UNLOC Gardens, LLC
- VB Chesaning, LLC
- Vendco Michigan, Inc.
- Weinberg Family Enterprises, LLC
- Windsor Township OG, LLC
- Zippy Agriculture, LLC
The state charges $6,000 for an application fee, as well as a "regulatory assessment" fee, which is not clear in cost (varies from $10,000 to $66,000).[34]
Minnesota:
The state has chosen two companies to cultivate for its medical cannabis program[35]:
Further applications are not being accepted at this time. A $20,000 application fee was due for anyone who applied.[36]
Missouri:
After the first wave of approvals in December 2019, the state has 36 unique businesses licensed to cultivate cannabis in the state. To view the list of cultivation facilities, go the licensed facilities page for the state and download the related Excel sheet.
Licensing application fees were $10,000.[37] Applications for cultivation, testing, manufacturing, and dispensary facilities are currently not being accepted.
Montana:
The medical marijuana program in the state is in a bit of disarray. As Michigan-based New Leaf Cannabis Consulting puts it[38]:
Voters re-approved medical cannabis in the state in Nov. 2016. Dispensaries were supposed to not open until June 2017, but a Montana court ruled that they may reopen immediately. Montana used to have an established medical cannabis dispensary program, but a court ruling upholding a severe state law dismantled the dispensaries, by limiting the maximum number of patients to 3; that portion of the law is now repealed.
As of mid-July 2019, the program had finally bounced back to a patient base similar to pre-2011 levels.[39] The state's language is a bit confusing, but it appears that "Providers" are cultivators, and if that is the case, the state currently has 270 licenses issued for cultivators. Visit the state's program website and click on "Licensed Providers in Complia."
Nevada:
The current number and details of the state's licensed cultivators are unknown. Per an inquiry and a form letter emailed from the Marijuana Enforcement Division of Nevada, "the state is only permitted to release information on open dispensaries," and does not release information on current licensed cultivators. However, a list of provisional certificates awarded in November 2014 can still be found on their site, though many of the names are redacted due to confidentiality laws in the state.
Licensing fees for cultivation facilities differ based on product. Recreational marijuana cultivation has an initial $30,000 licensing fee, with renewal costs at $10,000. Medical marijuana cultivation has an initial $3,000 license, with renewal costs at $1,000.[40]
New Hampshire:
The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for five locations run by three entities[41]:
- Prime Alternative Treatment Centers of NH, Inc.
- Sanctuary ATC
- Temescal Wellness, Inc. (two locations)
The state doesn't appear to be accepting new applications, and it's not clear what fees applicants had to pay.
New Jersey:
The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for nine locations run by seven entities[42]:
- Breakwater Alternative Treatment Center Corp.
- CuraLeaf NJ, Inc.
- Compassionate Care Foundation, Inc.
- Garden State Dispensary
- Greenleaf Compassion Center
- Harmony Dispensary
- Rise
An application period occurred in July 2018 to grant six more licenses. In December 2018, six additional providers were invited to proceed with the application process, though in February 2019 five appeals were filed by rejected applicants and an existing alternative treatment center in regards to the selected six. Due to the litigation, only one those six providers—Rise—has become fully licensed and operational.[43][44][45] As of February 2020, more lawsuits have delayed final approvals even further, with no clear conclusion in site.[45]
New Mexico:
New Mexico vertically integrates cultivation and distribution. The state calls such licensed entities "licensed non-profit producers" (LNPPs), of which 107 locations are operational.[46] (Go here to see the full list.)
The state is not accepting additional applications at this time. Initial application fee was $10,000, with a license fee of "thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) for the first 150 cannabis plants to be possessed by the non-profit producer, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each additional quantity of 50 plants thereafter to be possessed, up to a maximum collective total of 450 cannabis plants."[47]
New York:
The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into registered organizations. Each registered organization can have one cultivation facility and up to four dispensaries. Those organizations are[48]:
- Citivia Medical, LLC
- Columbia Care NY, LLC
- Curaleaf NY, LLC
- Etain, LLC
- Fiorello Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dba FP Wellness
- MedMen, Inc.
- NYCANNA, LLC dba The Botanist or Acreage NY
- PharmaCann of New York, LLC
- Vireo Health of New York, LLC
- Valley Agriceuticals, LLC dba Remedy-NY
- Vireo Health of New York, LLC
Applications are not currently being accepted. Applications fee was $10,000, licensing fee $200,000.[49]
North Dakota:
The state approved two cultivation sites in 2018 for its medical marijuana program[50]:
Additional cultivation applications don't appear to be accepted. An initial $5,000 application fee was required, and a $110,000 certification fee for a two-year license.[51]
Ohio:
The state of Ohio approved 30 total cultivator licenses, 17 for Level I and 13 for Level II. They are[52]:
- Agri-Med Ohio, LLC
- Ancient Roots, LLC
- Ascension BioMedical, LLC
- AT-CPC of Ohio, LLC
- Buckeye Relief, LLC
- Certified Cultivators
- Columbia Care OH, LLC
- Cresco Labs Ohio, LLC
- FarmacetuicalRX, LLC
- Farkas Farms, LLC
- Fire Rock Ltd.
- FN Group Holdings, LLC
- Galenas, LLC
- Greenleaf Gardens
- Grow Ohio Pharmaceuticals, LLC
- Harvest Grows, LLC
- Hemma, LLC
- Mother Grows Best, LLC
- OhiGrow, LLC
- Ohio Clean Leaf, LLC
- Ohio Grown Therapies, LLC
- OPC Cultivation, LLC
- Paragon Development Group, LLC
- Parma Wellness Center, LLC
- PharmaCann Ohio, LLC
- Pure OH, LLC
- Pure Ohio Wellness, LLC
- Riviera Creek Holdings, LLC
- Standard Wellness Company, LLC
- Terradiol Ohio, LLC (may get revoked[53]
The state is not currently accepting applications. Application fees were $20,000 for Level I and $2,000 for Level II cultivators, with initial license fees of $180,000 and $18,000 respectively, and annual renewal fees of $200,000 and $20,000 respectively. (Level I permitted to 25,000 square feet initially, Level II to 3,000 square feet initially.)[52]
Oklahoma:
In April 2019, the state released a document containing 118 pages of cannabis cultivators for its medical marijuana program. Consult the "List of Licensed Businesses" to view the entire list. Application/license fee is $2,500 annually.[54]
Oregon
Oregon boasts 1,162 recreational cannabis cultivation licenses across its program. (Medical cannabis growers are designated by an Oregon Medical Marijuana Program.[55]) To view the list of cultivators, go here and choose the PDF or Excel document titled "Approved Marijuana Licenses."
Application fee is $250, license fee varies depending license type ($100–$5,750).[56]
Pennsylvania:
The state initially introduced 12 grower-processor licenses with Phase I of its program.[57] In 2018, the state issued 13 additional permits to grower-processors[58], taking the total to the allowed-for 25. They are:
- AES Compassionate Care, LLC dba Grassroots Cannabis
- Agri-Kind, LLC
- AGRiMED Industries of PA, LLC dba AGRiMED Ward Site
- Calypso Enterprises, LLC
- Cresco Yeltrah, LLC dba Jefferson County Grower/Processor Facility
- DocHouse, LLC
- FarmaceuticalRx, LLC
- Franklin Labs, LLC
- Green Leaf Medicals, LLC
- GTI Pennsylvania, LLC dba GTI Danville Grow/Process
- Hanging Gardens, LLC dba Iron Street
- Holistic Farms, LLC
- Ilera Healthcare, LLC
- INSA, LLC
- Maitri Genetics, LLC
- Parea BioSciences, LLC
- PennAlt Organics, Inc. dba Penn Health's Cultivation Facility
- Pennsylvania Medical Solutions, LLC
- PharmaCann Penn Plant, LLC
- Pier Cove, LLC dba Justice Grown Cultivation and Processing Center
- Prime Wellness of Pennsylvania, LLC
- PurePenn, LLC
- Standard Farms, LLC (Acquired by TILT Holdings, Inc. in January 2019[59])
- Terrapin Investment Fund 1, LLC dba Terrapin Care Station
- Whole Plants, LLC dba WP Health Foundry
Applications are currently not being accepted. Prior applicants paid a $10,000 application fee and $200,000 permit fee.[58]
Rhode Island:
The state has given licenses to 52 cultivators, with 21 additional licenses pending final licensing inspection. Consult the state's approval page for the full list. The application process is currently closed. Prior applicants were required to pay a $5,000 application fee. Annual license fees vary based upon the class (grow operation size) license: Micro at $5,000, Class A at $20,000, Class B at $35,000, Class C at $50,000, and Class D at $80,000.[60]
Utah:
The state handed out eight of its 10 cultivator licenses in 2019. See the state's cannabis program site for details. Those eight cultivators are:
- Dragonfly Greenhouse, LLC
- Harvest of Utah, LLC
- Oakbridge Greenhouse and Floral, Inc.
- Standard Wellness Utah, LLC
- True North of Utah, LLC
- Tryke Companies Utah, LLC
- Wholesome Ag., LLC
- Zion Cultivars, LLC
Applications are currently not being accepted by the state. The original application fee was $2,500, with an additional $51.50 for a background check. Approved licensees pay $100,000 for the first-year license.[61]
Vermont:
Vermont vertically integrates cultivation and distribution and refers to licensed entities as "dispensaries." The state has issued five dispensary registration certificates[62]:
- Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. dba as Champlain Valley Dispensary
- Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. dba as Southern Vermont Wellness
- FWR, Inc. dba Grassroots Vermont
- Phytoscience Institute, LLC dba PhytoCare Vermont
- Vermont Patients Alliance, Inc.
The state has said it plans on opening the application process to a sixth dispensary once patient count reaches 7000 (which could happen in 2020).[62] Application fees were $2,500 and license fees set at $20,000. Annual renewal fee is $30,000.[63]
Washington:
The state has more than 1,050 active production licenses issued. To view the entire list, go here, export the list, and sort out the production facilities. The state is not accepting new applications at this time. Application fees were $250, with an annual $1,480 annual license fee for producers.[64]
West Virginia:
- The state is still working on developing its medical cannabis program due to unanticipated delays[65], particularly with finding banking solutions for the program.[66] The Bureau for Public Health indicates that it plans on issuing no more than 10 permits for cultivators. The initial application fee will be $5,000 and the permit fee $50,000.[67] The application period should open sometime in 2019.[66] The state ceased accepting application for cultivators on February 18, 2020.[65]
6.9 Testing labs and pricing info
6.9.1 Canada
The following are licensed cannabis testing labs, as reported by Health Canada.[68] Note that some of these laboratories are not stand-alone laboratories accepting samples but rather in-house labs testing for R&D or manufacturing programs.
Alberta
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- Bio-Chem Consulting Services (1980) Ltd.
- Caro Analytical Services Ltd.
- Drug Development and Innovation Centre
- InnoTech Alberta, Inc.
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Keystone Labs, Inc.
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- Olds Softgels, Inc.
- PBR Laboratories, Inc.
- Quality Analytical Services Ltd.
- Radient Technologies, Inc.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
British Columbia
- Activation Laboratories Ltd.
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- Anandia Laboratories, Inc.
- Avalite Sciences, Inc.
- Cannevert Therapeutics Ltd.
- Caro Analytical Services Ltd.
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation
- Chemia Analytics, Inc.
- Drug Analysis Service
- Green Sky Laboratories Corp.
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- M.B. Laboratories Ltd.
- Peak Wellness Ltd.
- ProgenyBio Agricultural Services, Inc.
- Pura Analytical Labs, Inc.
- Salvation Botanicals Ltd.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
- Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.
- Valens Agritech Ltd.
- VSSL Enterprises Ltd.
- Whistler Therapeutics Corporation
- Zenalytic Laboratories Ltd.
Manitoba
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Nexus Online Solutions, Inc.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
- Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Perennia Food and Agriculture, Inc.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
Ontario
- A&L Canada Laboratories, Inc.
- Abide, Inc.
- Activation Laboratories Ltd.
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- Anandia Laboratories, Inc.
- Applied Research Centre for Natural Products and Medical Cannabis
- ARA-Avanti Rx Analytics, Inc.
- Canadian Clinical Cannabinoids, Inc.
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics
- Chemi Pharmaceutical, Inc.
- CREM Co, Inc.
- Diteba Laboratories, Inc.
- Drug Analysis Service
- Eurofins Experchem Laboratories, Inc.
- High North, Inc.
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- Loyalist College of Applied Arts and Technology
- Lupos (Canada) Biotechnology, Inc.
- MJMG Holdings, Inc.
- Molecular Science Labs Corp.
- Nordion (Canada), Inc.
- Pharma Medica Research, Inc.
- Reena Group of Companies, Inc.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
- Sigma Analytical Services, Inc.
- The Vimy Ridge Group Ltd.
- Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc.
- Transpharm Canada, Inc.
- Tweed, Inc.
- Vivariant Laboratories, Inc.
- Wyndham Forensic Group, Inc.
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
- Activation Laboratories Ltd.
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- AXXONLAB, Inc.
- C-CREST Laboratories, Inc.
- Drug Analysis Service
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Laboratoire PhytoChemia, Inc.
- Laboratoires KABS, Inc.
- LaboVal, Inc.
- MS Pharma, Inc.
- Neopharm Labs, Inc.
- Pathogenia, Inc.
- Pharmascience, Inc.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
Saskatchewan
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Saskatchewan Research Council
- SGS Canada, Inc.
- ZYUS Life Sciences, Inc.
Yukon
6.9.2 United States
The prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont[69]) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.[70]).The following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):
Alaska
- CannTest, LLC
- Fairbanks Analytical Testing, LLC
- Peak Analytical, LLC
- Southeast Alaska Laboratories, LLC
Arizona:
- C4 Laboratories, LLC
- Cannabinoid Chemist, LLC
- Delta Verde Laboratory, LLC
- Desert Valley Testing, LLC
- Kanna-Bosm Labs, LLC
- Legend Technical Services, Inc.
Arkansas:
California:
- 2 River Labs, Inc.
- 8 Lane Investments, Inc.
- American Biotech Testing, Inc.
- Anresco, Inc.
- BelCosta Labs Long Beach, LLC
- Brightside Scientific, Inc.
- California Cannabis Testing Labs, Inc.
- Caligreen Laboratory, Inc.
- CanMedLabs, LLC
- CB Labs Management, LLC
- Certified Ag Labs, LLC
- Coastal Analytical, Inc.
- Consumables Analytical Laboratory, LLC
- Consumer Safety Analytics, LLC
- Convergence Laboratories, Inc.
- CWAL, Inc.
- Deibel Laboratories
- Earth Labs, LLC
- Encore Labs, LLC
- EVIO, Inc.
- Forensic Analytical Laboratories, Inc.
- Gala Pharmaceutical, Inc.
- Green Leaf Lab, LLC
- Greenlight Research and Testing Laboratory, LLC
- Harrens Lab, Inc.
- Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs, LLC
- Integrated Analytical Solutions, Inc.
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- Landau Laboratories, Inc.
- Materia Medica Laboratories, Inc.
- Merso Labs, Inc.
- Nascient, LLC
- NCALC, LLC
- Neelum Holdings, LLC
- Niva Labs, LLC
- North Coast Laboratories Ltd.
- PacLab Analytics, LLC
- PH Solutions, LLC
- PharmLabs, LLC
- Pure Analytics, LLC
- QC Labs, Inc.
- SC Laboratories, Inc.
- SCR Living, LLC
- Sonoma Lab Works, LLC
- Spectrum CannaLabs, Inc.
- Steep Hill, Inc.
- Think20 Labs, LLC
- True Science Laboratories, LLC
- Verity Analytics, LLC
Colorado:
- Agricor Laboratories, LLC
- Agriscience Labs, Inc.
- Aurum Laboratories, LLC
- Avat, LLC
- Bona Fides Laboratory, Inc.
- Botanacor Laboratories, LLC
- EVIO, Inc.
- Gobi Analytical, Inc.
- Green Lab Solutions Company, LLC
- Nordic Analytical Laboratories, LLC
- PhytaTech CO, LLC
- Rm3 Labs Colorado, LLC
- TEQ Analytical Laboratories, Inc.
Connecticut:
Delaware:
- High Tide Lab Company (formerly AgroLab Organics) (State-contracted[71][72])
District of Columbia:
Florida:
Hawaii:
Idaho
Illinois:
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Advanced Herbal Analytics, LLC
- Cogent Lab, LLC
- Deibel Laboratories
- Grace Analytical Laboratory, Inc.
- ICR Labs, Inc.
- LK Pure Labs, LLC
- MS Bioanalytical, LLC
- Unitech Laboratories
Louisiana:
Due to an absence of independent testing labs, the Louisiana Department of Agriculture is testing, as of October 2018[73] The Department of Agriculture is jointly working with the LSU AgCenter's Agricultural Chemistry Department to test for the state's fledgling medical marijuana program.[74]
Maine:
- Nelson Analytical, LLC
- Nova Analytic Labs, LLC
- ProVerde Laboratories, Inc.
- Sensible, LLC
- The Maine Lab, LLC
Maryland:
- Advanced Bioanalytical Systems, LLC
- Advent Laboratories, Inc.
- Atlantic Test Labs, Inc.
- Blunt Assessment Laboratories, LLC
- Pinnacle CT, Inc.
- Quales, LLC
- Steep Hill, Inc.
- Think20 Labs, LLC
Massachusetts:
Michigan:
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Iron Laboratories, LLC
- Palmatier Enterprises, Inc.
- Precision Safety Innovation Laboratories, LLC
- Steadfast, LLC
- Unitech Laboratories
Minnesota:
Not clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.[75] Two labs—Aspen Research Corporation and Legend Technical Services, Inc.—were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.[76]
Missouri:
Medical marijuana passed in November 2018.[77] In late December 2019, Missouri announced a list of 10 labs that were approved for medical marijuana testing.[78]
- Botannis Labs Mo. Corp.
- ClearWater Science, LLC
- Cloud TEN, LLC
- ContiCorp, LLC
- EKG Life Science Solutions, LLC
- Farma Laboratories, LLC
- GCA, Inc.
- Green Hills Labs, LLC
- Green Orchard Labs, LLC
- Inovatia AgriTesting Services, LLC
Montana:
- Clear Brew Technologies, LLC
- Fidelity Diagnostics Laboratory, LLC
- Mission Mountain Laboratories, Inc.
- Montana BioTech
- Stillwater Laboratories, Inc.
- White Buffalo Laboratories, LLC
Nevada:
- 374 Labs, LLC
- Cannex Nevada, LLC
- Certified Ag Lab, LLC
- DB Labs, LLC
- Digipath Labs, Inc.
- G3 Labs, LLC
- MA & Associates, LLC
- MM Lab, Inc.
- NV Cann Labs, LLC
New Hampshire:
The state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so. Alternative treatment centers may be responsible for own testing. Nelson Analytical, LLC may be licensed to test cannabis in New Hampshire, but it's not clear.
New Jersey:
Cannabis testing is mostly performed by the Department of Health and Senior Services.[79] However, Cannalytics, LLC and Steep Hill, Inc. may also be licensed to test in New Jersey.
New Mexico:
New York:
"The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)."[80]
North Carolina:
- Avazyme, Inc. (Industrial hemp testing)
North Dakota:
The state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility.[81] Currently Keystone State Testing, LLC DBA Dakota State Testing is the only option, selected by the state for testing in May 2018.[82]
Ohio:
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Battelle Memorial Institute
- CAS Laboratories, LLC
- North Coast Testing Laboratories, LLC
Oklahoma:
The deadline for laboratory testing to be mandated got bumped to April 1, 2020.[83]
- 405 Analytical, LLC
- Baseline Laboratories, LLC
- Bud's Testing, LLC
- Cannabis Testing, LLC
- Cannalytics Laboratories, LLC
- Daylight Labs, LLC
- Delta9 Labs, LLC
- Express Toxicology Services, LLC
- FAST Laboratories of Oklahoma City, LLC
- Green Country Testing, Inc.
- Higher Testing, LLC
- Nationwide Engineering and Testing, LLC
- OK Compliance Testing Lab, LLC
- PureLabs-OKC, LLC
- Quality Cannabis, LLC
- Rhino Labs, LLC
- Scissortail Laboratory, LLC
- Steep Hill, Inc.
- TJB Restricted Holdings, LLC
Oregon
- 3B Analytical, LLC
- Anova Laboratory, LLC
- ChemHistory, LLC
- Cloud Labs, LLC
- CS Laboratories, Inc.
- EVIO, Inc.
- Green Leaf Lab, LLC
- Iron Laboratories, LLC
- Juniper Analytics, LLC
- Lightscale, Inc.
- MW Labs, LLC
- PacLab Analytics, LLC
- Phylos Bioscience, Inc.
- Pixis Labs, LLC
- PREE Laboratories, LLC
- Proper Rental Management, LLC
- Reference Labs, LLC
- Rogue Research Lab, LLC
- Rose City Laboratories, LLC
- SC Laboratories, Inc.
- Steep Hill, Inc.
Pennsylvania:
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Budding Analytical Laboratory, LLC
- Keystone State Testing, LLC
- PCR Labs, LLC
- Steep Hill, Inc.
- US Cannalytics, LLC
Rhode Island:
Rhode Island Department of Health began taking applications for testing labs in September 2018.[84] Currently approved is East Coast Labs, LLC and Green Peaks Analytical.
Utah:
Medical marijuana passed in November 2018 and the state was still working on laboratory testing terms.[85] In November 2019, the application process for laboratories opened up.[86]
Vermont:
The Department of Public Safety "may require laboratory testing of cannabis produced by a registered dispensary. The Department may specify the testing methodology. The registered dispensary shall bear the costs of any testing required by the Department."[87]
- Champlain Valley Dispenary (News article indicates may be accepting testing from non-patients; $75-$125/sample for potency[88])
- Nutraceutical Science Laboratories, LLC
Washington:
- Analytical 360, LLC
- Atlas Agriscience, LLC
- Capitol Analysis Group, LLC
- Confidence Analytics, Inc.
- Dragon Analytical Laboratory, Inc.
- GOAT Labs, Inc.
- Institute of Food Safety & Defense, LLC
- Integrity Labs, LLC
- Pacific Botanical Laboratories, LLC
- Plaindoor, LLC
- Puyallup Tribal Cannabis Enterprises, Inc.
- Steep Hill, Inc.
- Testing Technologies, Inc.
- Trace Analytics, Inc.
- Treeline Analytics, LLC
- True Northwest, Inc.
West Virginia:
As of late 2018, West Virginia was still working on developing its medical cannabis program. Draft legislation says the Bureau for Public Health will be responsible for approving testing laboratories.[89] An update to its "Growers/Processors/Dispensaries/Laboratories" FAQ was made in February 2020[90], and the application period for such businesses was set to close on February 18, 2020.[90]
Wisconsin:
6.9.3 Mexico
Recreational cannabis was potentially going to be legalized in Mexico in 2019.[91][92] However, the push to legalize was stalled until April 30, 2020, and it may get pushed back further.[93] Even then, legalization maybe be limited to medical applications, according to statements by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[94]
References
- ↑ Summers, D.J. (21 March 2016). "Cultivation licenses dominate marijuana applications". Alaska Journal of Commerce. http://www.alaskajournal.com/2016-03-21/cultivation-licenses-dominate-marijuana-applications. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ↑ Alcohol and Marijuana Control Office. "Marijuana License Application". Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/amco/MarijuanaLicenseApplication.aspx. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ↑ Arizona Department of Health Services. "DI31: Can I get a list of the dispensaries?". FAQs - Dispensary. Government of Arizona. https://www.azdhs.gov/licensing/medical-marijuana/index.php#faqs-dispensary. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ↑ Field, H. (21 January 2019). "Building underway at all medical marijuana cultivation sites in Arkansas". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/jan/21/building-underway-all-cannabis-cultivation-sites/. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ↑ Field, H. (19 January 2020). "Lagging Arkansas medical-marijuana operations put on notice: Open or risk losing permits". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jan/19/clock-ticking-on-state-cannabis-license-1/. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ Grabenstein, H. (10 July 2018). "Arkansas Issues 5 Medical Marijuana Cultivation Licenses". U.S. News. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/arkansas/articles/2018-07-10/ark-medical-marijuana-panel-issues-5-cultivation-licenses. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ↑ CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing (07 January 2019). "Notice Regarding Temporary Cannabis Cultivation License Applications". California Cannabis Portal. Government of California. https://cannabis.ca.gov/2019/01/08/notice-regarding-temporary-cannabis-cultivation-license-applications/. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Department of Revenue, Marijuana Enforcement Division (14 April 2017). "Retail Marijuana Rules - 1 CCR 212-2" (PDF). Government of Colorado. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Complete%20Retail%20Marijuana%20Rules%20as%20of%20April%2014%202017%20with%20DOR%20Disclaimer_1.pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Consumer Protection. "Medical Marijuana Producer License". Government of Connecticut. https://portal.ct.gov/DCP/Medical-Marijuana-Program/Medical-Marijuana-Producer-License. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Fishman, M. (02 August 2017). "Second New Castle County medical marijuana dispensary set to open". Delaware Online. https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2017/08/02/second-new-castle-county-medical-marijuana-dispensary-set-open/534020001/. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ "Medical Marijuana Compassion Centers". Department of Public Health. Government of Delaware. https://dhss.delaware.gov/dph/hsp/medmarcc.html. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ Delaware Health and Social Services (January 2016). "Delaware Medical Marijuana Program Annual Report 2015" (PDF). Government of Delaware. https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/hsp/files/mmpannrpt2015.pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
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- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Office of Medical Marijuana Use (19 April 2019). "OMMU Update" (PDF). Government of Florida. https://s27415.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/ommu_updates/2019/041919-OMMU-Update.pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Gross, S.J. (10 February 2020). "Florida Legislature not moving to address marijuana legislation this session". Tampa Bay Times. https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2020/02/10/florida-legislature-not-moving-to-address-marijuana-legislation-this-session/. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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- ↑ Rosica, J. (09 March 2018). "Legislature slashing Health Dep’t pay because of medical marijuana delays". Florida Politics. Peter Schorsch. https://floridapolitics.com/archives/258425-legislature-medical-marijuana-budget. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Hawai'i Department of Health (14 August 2018). "Hawai‘i Department of Health approves production center for medical cannabis licensee Hawaiian Ethos, LLC" (PDF). Government of Hawai'i. https://health.hawaii.gov/news/files/2018/08/18-070-DOH-approves-production-center-for-Hawaiian-Ethos.pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ "HB No. 321 - A bill for an act relating to medical marijuana". Government of Hawaii. 2015. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2015/bills/HB321_CD1_.HTM. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Illinois Department of Agriculture. "Medical Cannabis Pilot Program". Government of Illinois. https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/agr/Plants/MCPP/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Cannabis Policy Adviser (25 August 2016). "Illinois cultivation center names locations medical cannabis". http://www.cannabispolicyadviser.com/illinois-medical-cannabis-cultivation-centers/. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Illinois Department of Agriculture (18 February 2015). "Medical Cannabis Pilot Program Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Government of Illinois. https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/mcpp/Documents/mcppfaq-Updated-2-19-15.pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Karlin, S. (23 October 2018). "Louisiana medical marijuana delayed after state forced to do product testing, company says". The Acadiana Advocate. https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_b05f7ca4-d6fe-11e8-b997-8ff7036b6c47.html. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 The Associated Press (13 November 2018). "1 of Louisiana’s medical marijuana growers has new operator". Houma Today. https://www.houmatoday.com/news/20181113/1-of-louisianas-medical-marijuana-growers-has-new-operator?rssfeed=true. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
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- ↑ Department of Administrative and Financial Services. "Dispensaries". Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Program. Government of Maine. https://www.maine.gov/dafs/omp/medical-use/dispensaries. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ Department of Administrative and Financial Services. "Archives / Other". Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Program. Government of Maine. https://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/mmmp/archives-other. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (February 2020). "Cannabis Industry Information". Government of Maryland. https://mmcc.maryland.gov/Pages/industry.aspx. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (25 March 2019). "Medical Cannabis Grower License Application" (PDF). Government of Maryland. https://mmcc.maryland.gov/Documents/03.25.2019%20MMCC%20Grower%20Application%20copy.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Wheeler, T.B. (11 October 2014). "Medical marijuana fees stir debate in Maryland". The Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-medical-marijuana-fees-20141011-story.html. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (21 February 2020). "2019 License Update". Government of Maryland. https://mmcc.maryland.gov/Pages/2019-License-Update.aspx. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ Cannabis Control Commission. "Licensing". Government of Massachusetts. https://mass-cannabis-control.com/licensing/. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs. "Medical Marijuana Facilities Licensing". Government of Michigan. https://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-89334_79571_78089---,00.html. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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- ↑ Minnesota Department of Health. "Medical Cannabis Manufacturers/Laboratories". Government of Minnesota. https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/cannabis/manufacture/index.html. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Minnesota Department of Health. "Medical Cannabis Manufacturer Selection Questions and Answers". Government of Minnesota. https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/cannabis/manufacture/selection/mfrqa.html. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ Lowry, S. (11 December 2018). "Montana Cannabis Licensing Information". New Leaf Cannabis Consulting. https://www.newleafcannabisconsulting.com/alaska-blog/2018/12/9/montana-cannabis-licensing-assistance. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ Department of Taxation. "Marijuana Establishments". Government of Nevada. https://tax.nv.gov/MME/Marijuana_Establishments_-_Home/. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Health and Human Services. "Alternative Treatment Centers". Government of New Hampshire. https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/oos/tcp/alternative-treatment.htm. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
- ↑ Department of Health (17 December 2018). "Alternative Treatment Centers". Government of New Jersey. https://www.nj.gov/health/medicalmarijuana/alt-treatment-centers/. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Health (17 December 2018). "Update on Expansion of Medicinal Marijuana Program". Government of New Jersey. https://www.nj.gov/health/medicalmarijuana/alt-treatment-centers/applications.shtml. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Livio, S.K.; Guion, P. (1 February 2019). "These weed growers didn’t get picked to grow medical marijuana in N.J. Now they are ready for a fight". NJ.com. https://www.nj.com/marijuana/2019/02/these-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ Department of Health (09 January 2020). "Licensed Nonprofit Producers". Government of New Mexico. https://nmhealth.org/publication/view/general/2101/. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ↑ "7.34.4 Health - Medical Use of Cannabis - Licensing Requirements for Producers, Couriers, Manufacturers, and Laboratories". Government of New Mexico. https://nmhealth.org/resource/view/222/. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Health (February 2020). "Registered Organization Locations". Government of New York State. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/application/selected_applicants.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ↑ Department of Health (April 2018). "Medical Marijuana Program Applications". Government of New York State. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/application/applications.htm. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Health (16 May 2018). "Medical Marijuana Application Review Panel Selects Two Manufacturing Facilities" (PDF). Government of North Dakota. https://www.ndhealth.gov/mm/PDF/Press_Releases/2018-5-16_Medical_Marijuana_Review_Panel_Selects_Manufacturing_Facilities.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Department of Health (28 Febrary 2018). "Frequently Asked Questions – Manufacturing Facilities and Dispensaries" (PDF). Government of North Dakota. http://www.ndhealth.gov/mm/pdf/program_informational_guides/faq%20for%20compassion%20centers%20-%20updated%203-1-2018.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Ohio Medical Marijuana Program. "Cultivation". Government of Ohio. https://www.medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov/cultivation. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ↑ Byer, K. (21 December 2018). "Canton cannabis growers in jeopardy of losing licenses". Akron Beacon Journal. https://www.ohio.com/news/20181221/canton-cannabis-growers-in-jeopardy-of-losing-licenses/1. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority. "Business Application Information". Government of Oklahoma. http://omma.ok.gov/business-application-information3. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Oregon Health Authority. "Frequently Asked Questions". Government of Oregon. https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/DiseasesConditions/ChronicDisease/MedicalMarijuanaProgram/Pages/top20.aspx. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Oregon Liquor Control Commission. "FAQs: Licensing-General". Government of Oregon. https://www.oregon.gov/olcc/marijuana/Pages/FAQs-Licensing-General.aspx. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ "Title 230 - Department of Business Regulation, Chapter 80 - Marijuana, Subchapter 5 - Medical Marijuana" (PDF). Government of Rhode Island. http://www.dbr.ri.gov/documents/rules/medical_marijuana/230-RICR-80-5-1_Medical_Marijuana.pdf. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
- ↑ Flores, C. (01 June 2019). "State of Utah opens bidding for licenses to grow medical marijuana". KUTV. https://kutv.com/news/local/state-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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- ↑ Childs, M. (10 February 2017). "Medical Marijuana Fees By State" (PDF). Government of Vermont. https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2018/WorkGroups/Senate%20Judiciary/Bills/S.16/S.16~Michele%20Childs~Medical%20Marijuana%20Fees%20by%20State~2-10-2017.pdf. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
- ↑ Liquor and Cannabis Board. "Producer License Descriptions and Fees". Government of Washington. https://lcb.wa.gov/mjlicense/producer_license_discriptions_fees. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
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- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Fidura, F. (10 April 2019). "West Virginia Medical Marijuana Banking Bill Signed Into Law". DispensaryPermits.com. http://news.dispensarypermits.com/west-virginia-medical-marijuana-banking-bill-signed-into-law. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
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- ↑ "Laboratories licensed to conduct activities with cannabis". Health Canada. Government of Canada. 31 January 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/list-licensed-dealers.html. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
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- ↑ Flood, C. (15 November 2016). "State contracts medical marijuana tester". Cape Gazette. http://www.capegazette.com/article/state-contracts-medical-marijuana-tester/120159. Retrieved 02 March 2017.
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- ↑ Office of Communications (14 February 2020). "Laboratory Deadline Set". Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority. http://omma.ok.gov/laboratory-deadline-set. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
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- ↑ Utah State Legislature (14 November 2018). "Utah Medical Cannabis Act Overview" (PDF). State of Utah. https://le.utah.gov/interim/2018/pdf/00004612.pdf. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
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- ↑ Hasse, J. (12 February 2019). "This Former President Thinks Mexico Could Soon Be Exporting Cannabis To The U.S., Legally". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/javierhasse/2019/02/12/this-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally/. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
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Citation information for this chapter
Chapter: 6. Final thoughts and resources
Title: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States
Edition: Third edition
Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas
License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Publication date: March 2020